Lenin had a greater impact on Russia’s economy and society than any other Ruler. How far do you agree with this view of the period from 1855 to 1964? Essay

Lenin greaterly affected Russia’s economy and society than some other Ruler. How far do you concur with this perspective on the period from 1855 to 1964? Over the period from 1855 to 1964, Russia saw different changes and arrangements under the Tsars and the Communist heads that impactsly affected its economy and society both positive and negative. Lenin certainly embedded polices that changed society and the economy for instance with war socialism. Anyway whether his strategies had the best effect is questionable and in this article I will survey the view whether Lenin had the best effect on Russia’s economy and society than some other ruler between the period from 1855-1964. The Russia economy regarding industry vacillated over the period from 1855-1964. It is critical to take note of that under all the pioneers, industrialisation and modernisation was constantly observed as a basic financial point. Under Alexander II, with Reutern as his Minister of fund who embraced a methodology that spun around proceeded with railroad development, fascination of outside aptitude and remote speculation capital. Therefore modernisation and extension happened inside the staples just as more current enterprises which show the effect that alexander II made on industry. Reutern accomplished a sevenfold increment in the measure of railroad and the limit of rail route to convey break mass at speed expanded which gave a significant lift to mechanical yield Russia appeared to be at last moving towards industrialisation and staying aware of the West. This methodology was comparable under Nicolas II who additionally figured out how to greatly affect Russia’s modern economy. This was through crafted by Sergei Witte whom at the hour of his arrangement the Russian economy despite everything settled dominatingly around farming creation further indicating that under Alexander II impacts was constrained. Witte proceeded with the possibility of outside aptitude just as taking out remote credits, raising assessments and loan costs to help accessible capital for interest in industry. Another significant advancement was the position of the rouble on the highest quality level in 1897. The effects of Witte’s arrangements were incredible. Coal creation multiplied and that of iron and steel expanded sevenfold while the aggregate sum of railroad track opened rose from 29,183 km to 52,612 km in 1901. Quite a bit of this animated the astounding development in capital abroad. There meant that pay began to try and find other industrialized countries seen and incomeâ earned from industry rose from 42 million to 161 roubles by 1897. This time of modern achievement has even been named the ‘Great Spurt’ and the expansion in mechanical creation of 7.5% far surpassed Russian accomplishment for any equivalent period before 1914 which shows that Nicholas II had the best effect on the modern economy than some other Tsar. This attention on overwhelming industry was proceeded under Stalin who embedded his multi year plans; industrialisation was to be invigorated through the setting creation targets. The impacts were incredible increment in modern yield which difficult to state explicitly as a great part of the creation figures were distorted. Khrushchev for the most part proceeded Stain’s centralisation with more prominent preoccupation as he needed to deliver more purchaser products. There was anyway a log jam in development under Khrushchev yet it wasn’t a gigantic effect and represents a negative effect. This anyway didn’t contrast with negative effects seen under Lenin. By November 1917 Lenin expressed actualized War Communism by presenting state private enterprise. This included the state assuming total responsibility for the economy until it could ‘safely’ be given over to the working class. Nationalization without anyone else never really increment creation; military needs were given need so assets to those businesses not considered basic were denied. The circumstance was made progressively genuine by the industrial facilities being denied of labor because of enrollment. The issue for industry was developed by hyperinflation. The government’s strategy on proceeding to print cash notes viably wrecked the estimation of cash and before the finish of 1920 the rouble had tumbled to 1 percent of its worthin1917. Despite the fact that Lenin’s NEP began to affect industry decidedly and surely modern yield expanded quickly it just at any point arrived at the degree of yield in 1914. Generally speaking, the best positive effect on industry seemingly is under Nicholas II. Modern yield over multiplied under him, railroad development extended quickly and his strategies affected the individuals also individuals saw expectations for everyday comforts increment not at all like under Stalin that in spite of development expectations for everyday comforts really disintegrated and Russia could have seen to be headed to genuine industrialisation. While under Lenin plainly he had the best negative effect on the mechanical economy. There was no mechanical development and Lenin just profited through more tight control of Russia through the economy. Just as effects on industry it is additionally critical to think about effects on horticulture. The issue of land proprietorship can be seen toâ be took care of contrastingly under every pioneer. Alexander II, Lenin and Stalin all sought after that viably impactsly affected farming. With the liberation of the serfs in 1861 the workers were ‘free’ and not, at this point attached to the land. The effects anyway were inversion. Workers were distributed low quality land and got less on normal than they had been cultivating before liberation. Moreover laborers had to take care of recovery obligations that were higher than what they could accomplish. At long last, the effects on the workers were they were more regrettable off and capable laborers had no impetus to create surpluses and were hesitant to improve the land as choices about what was to be delivers and how harvests were to be developed were chosen by the town Mir, which brought about a slight fall in grain generally speaking. These impacts anyway were increasingly serious under Lenin and Stalin as they tried to build grain creation by intimidation. While Lenin under War socialism utilized grain demanding to strongly gather laborer surpluses from them Stalin utilized collectivisation to drive workers to team up to deliver however much food as could be expected. Likewise in the two cases the laborers wouldn't adjust; realizing that any overflow would be seized the worker delivered the barest least to take care of themselves and their family and even less food was a ccessible for Russia. Probably the best effect were the starvations that happened in 1921 under Lenin where the grain collect delivered not exactly a large portion of the sum accumulated in 1931 and Russia had global assistance from nations, for example, the USA. Anyway these effects were the best under Stalin. The measure of bread delivered tumbled from 250.4 (kilograms per head) in 1928 to 214.6 in 1932. The effects of collectivisation were best case scenario in 1932-32 when happened what numerous individuals portray as an independent national starvation. Stalin’s ‘’official silence’’ of the circumstance implied it wasn’t tended to and in this way collectivisation slaughtered between 10-15 million workers and neglected to increment farming yield. In spite of the fact that a comparable annihilating starvation happened under Alexander III in which he received the Peasant land banks to attempt to lighten the effects and support cultivating again and in actuality starvations happened over Russian history its seriousness was the most noticeably awful under Stalin. Alexander II’s endeavor to conciliate the workers to increment farming levels was also received under Nicholas II through the changes of Stolypin and further under Khrushchev. Stolypin’s ‘wager on the strong’ saw that in that period laborers were paying progressively higher charges a signâ that their new cultivating was delivering higher benefits. The arrangement of land backs, abrogation of reclamation contribution and being asked to supplant wasteful strip framework made a wealthier gathering of laborers later named the kulaks by socialist pioneers connoting that Nicholas II delighted in higher horticultural benefits. The plans for bigger sc ope intentional resettlement of workers are a continuation under Khrushchev whose Virgin Land Campaigns supported the expansion in the measure of land being developed. In 1950, 96 million sections of land of land were offered over to the creation of wheat and by 1964 this expanded to 165 million sections of land. His approaches appear to have even affected residents as urban tenants began to feel that their food necessities were finally being enough met. In this way Khrushchev can be believed to have the best constructive effect on agribusiness as the Russian individuals had at long last felt that the food was sufficient for them and the measure of land and grain developed expanded. While the best negative effect was noticeably under Stalin, his collectivisation was met by worker turmoil and grain and animals pulverization that lead to a cursing national starvation. Both the Tsars and the Communist heads had their effects on the Russian culture. Religion and the possibility that the Tsar was Gods own designated proceeded under every one of the three Tsars, so there was no genuine effect by any on the tsars on religion as they looked to keep this strict through the guide of the Russian Orthodox Church; the Russian individuals really accepted that the Tsar was named by God and alluded to him as their ‘little father’. Notwithstanding Lenin coming into force and giving the’ order on the partition of the congregation and state’ which implied that the congregation was no longer to have focal association with power over neighborhood associations, strict lessons in schools being taboo and the endeavor to destroy religion Peasants kept on asking and love as their progenitors had yet they could no longer hazard doing it so freely. Thus indicating the Tsars had a more prominent effect as far as religion than the commun

Power of Active Directory in Windows Server 2003 free essay sample

So as to comprehend the idea of dynamic registry first lets investigate catalog administration. Catalog Service is a help which stores data of utilizing and overseeing various objects of system at a concentrated point. Those items incorporate printing servers, record servers, printers; fax servers and so on . The catalog administration stores the entirety of the data with respect to the assets and simultaneously gives instrument of simple access to the resources’ data for the clients. Dynamic registry is likewise an index administration in windows server 2003 which stores data about the netwrok assets and about the administrations that make this data accessible to the clients. Presently let’s take a gander at the force and key highlights of dynamic registry in windows server 2003:  ·Multiple choices of catalog objects: We can change the normal traits of numerous clients at the one time.  ·Drag-and-drop usefulness: You simply need to relocate the index objects starting with one compartment then onto the next so as to move them  ·Efficient search abilities: The item situated looking through office gives proficient inquiry limiting the traffic on the system. We will compose a custom article test on Intensity of Active Directory in Windows Server 2003 or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page  ·Saved questions: The dynamic registry inquiries can be spared, traded, revived and invigorated, and the consequences of the credited questions can likewise be sent out.  ·Active Directory order line devices: various order line apparatuses are accessible to deal with the dynamic registry. Those apparatuses are Ntdsutil, Dsget, Dsrm, Dsmod, Csvde, Dsadd, Dsquery, Dsmove and Ldifde.  · Domain useful levels :Active directory’s area wide highlights in your system can be empower utilizing space useful levels.  ·Forest practical levels: The Active directory’s woodland wide highlights in your system can likewise be currently empowered utilizing timberland utilitarian levels.  ·Secure All Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) traffic:  All Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) traffic is marked and encoded by Active directory’s managerial instruments, as a matter of course. It guarantees that the information isn't defiled and that it is originating from the known source.  ·Active catalog portion: With Active index share, the responsibility for by a client, PC or gathering can be restricted by doling out standards.  ·New Group Policy settings: in excess of 200 gathering approach setting are remembered for windows server 2003‘s dynamic catalog.  ·New Resultant Set Of Policy (RSoP) Wizard is incorporated which empowers you to check the arrangements appointed to a particular client or PC.  ·Folder redirection is additionally made exceptionally simple.  ·Advanced alternatives for programming establishment are accessible, which makes establishment process simple and organization viable.  ·InetOrgPerson class has been added to improve the security and it tends to be utilized similarly as the client class is utilized.  ·Cross timberland support is additionally given.  ·The Software Restriction Policies that are incorporated can recognize undesirable or unfriendly delicate products and henceforth won't let them execute on the PC. In any case, this necessitates the framework is either being sudden spike in demand for Microsoft Windows XP Professional or on a relative of Windows Server 2003.  ·Domain controller renaming: The space controllers, without downgrading, would now be able to be renamed with the dynamic catalog of windows server 2003.As well as the area name can now additionally be renamed with this.  ·In the space pecking order, the areas can be moved starting with one area then onto the next.  ·The two way transitivity would now be able to be stretched out by making timberland trust.  ·The users’ access of one area or woodland can be permitted, refused or given particular access to another space of timberland.  ·Unnecessary objects of the blueprint can be deactivated  ·In request to interface the helper classes to the items on unique bases, additional help is given.  ·When the fractional attribution set is broadened , the came about managerial activities occur; around then the Tuning worldwide inventory replication is accessible for saving worldwide catalog’s condition of synchronization All things considered the dynamic registry of Windows server 2003 gives a ton of extra highlights which to encourage the administration, organization and use of assets in the system. The security increments are additionally truly exceptional and a great deal of adaptability is given to the manager to check and design various parameters of the system. Other than this some work has additionally to improve the responsiveness of the system and to provide food with the system traffic. Adaptability for moving items and spaces, and for renaming them is additionally made simple .And with the new arrangements presented the entrance of a client starting with one area of timberland then onto the next can likewise be a controlled successfully. Giving these all functionalities and adaptabilities to the systems executives and troughs make their undertakings of access controls, security, overseeing of items and so forth extremely simple. References Spealman, Jill, Hudson, Kurt (2004). Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure. Redmond ,Washington: Microsoft Press. Jones, Don (2003). Windows Server 2003 Weekend Crash course. NewYork: Wiley Publishing Inc..

Blog Archive Professor Profiles John Morgan, UC-Berkeley Haas School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles John Morgan, UC-Berkeley Haas School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school to attend, but the educational experience is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on John Morgan from the Haas School of Business at the University of California (UC) Berkeley. John Morgan (“Game Theory”) has been at UC-Berkeley Haas since 2002 and won the Earl F. Cheit Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2006. In an admissions podcast (“Game Theory and Strategy”), Morgan discusses how he has grown his “Game Theory” course, which studies how nations and industries interact strategically with each other. Morgan recommends that all Haas MBA students take the courseâ€"which is designed to cover all functions and industriesâ€"in their last semester at the school so that they apply the “mind-set to think strategically” to what they have learned in the program. Resorting to the default name “Emily” for students who forget to bring their name card to class, Morgan expects the teams in his class to be ready to defend their strategies, but plenty of laughter is part of the course as well.  An alumna even commented via Twitter in April 2012, “Loving John Morgan’s Disruptive Technologies seminar. Great comedic timing.” On Morgan’s personal Haas Web page, he includes a list of vocabulary words that “no aspiring Berkeley MBA should be without. For more information on the defining characteristics of the MBA program at UC-Berkeley Haas or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Berkeley-Haas Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles John Morgan, UC-Berkeley Haas School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose which business school to attend, but the educational experience itself is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on John Morgan  from the  UC-Berkeley Haas School of Business. John Morgan has been at UC-Berkeley Haas since 2002 and won the Earl F. Cheit Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2006. In an admissions podcast (“Game Theory and Strategy”), Morgan discusses how he has grown his “Game Theory” course, which studies how nations and industries interact strategically with each other. Morgan recommends that all Haas MBA students take the course, which is designed to cover all functions and industries, in their last semester at the school so that they apply the “mind-set to think strategically” to what they have learned in the program. Resorting to the default name “Emily” for students who forget to bring their name card to class, Morgan expects the teams in his class to be ready to defend their strategies, but plenty of laughter is part of the course as wellâ€"as it reportedly is in all Morgan’s courses. An alumna even commented via Twitter in April 2012, “Loving John Morgan’s Disruptive Technologies seminar. Great comedic timing.† On Morgan’s personal Haas Web page, he includes a list of vocabulary words he calls “New Words for the New Millennium.”. Share ThisTweet Berkeley-Haas Professor Profiles

Plot Summary of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House

Written in 1879 by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House is a three-act play about a seemingly typical housewife who becomes disillusioned and dissatisfied with her condescending husband. Act One: Meet the Helmers Set around Christmas time, Nora Helmer enters her home, truly enjoying life. An old widow friend from her past, Mrs. Linde, stops by hoping to find a job. Noras husband Torvald recently earned a promotion, so she happily finds employment for Mrs. Linde. When her friend complains how hard the years have been, Nora replies that her life has been filled with challenges too. Nora discreetly explains that several years ago, when Torvald Helmer was very ill, she forged her dead fathers signature in order to illegally obtain a loan. Since then, she has been paying back the loan in secret. She has never told her husband because she knows it would upset him. Unfortunately, a bitter bank employee named Nils Krogstad is the man who collects the debt payments. Knowing that Torvald is soon to be promoted, he tries using his knowledge of her forgery to blackmail Nora. He wants to ensure his position at the bank; otherwise, he will reveal the truth to Torvald and perhaps even the police. This turn of events greatly upsets Nora. However, she keeps the truth concealed from her husband, as well as Dr. Rank, a kind yet sickly old friend of the Helmers. She tries to distract herself by playing with her three children. However, by the ending of Act One, she begins to feel trapped and desperate. Act Two: Nora Tries to Keep Her Secret Throughout the second act, Nora tries to concoct ways to prevent Krogstad from revealing the truth. She has tried to coerce her husband, asking him to let Krogstad keep his job. However, Helmer believes the man possesses criminal tendencies. Therefore, he is bent on removing Krogstad from his post. Nora tries asking Dr. Rank for help, but she is put off when Dr. Rank becomes too flirtatious with her and claims that he cares for her just as much, if not more, than her husband. Later, the Helmers prepare for a holiday ball. Torvald watches Nora perform a traditional folk dance. He is disappointed that she has forgotten much of what he has taught her. Here, the audience witnesses one of the many scenes in which Torvald patronizes his wife as though she were a child or his play-thing. (Hence, Ibsen titled the play: A Dolls House). Torvald constantly calls her pet names such as my songbird and my little squirrel. Yet, he never speaks to her with any degree of mutual respect. Eventually, Mrs. Linde tells Nora that she had a romantic attachment to Krogstad in the past and that she can perhaps persuade him to relent. However, Krogstad does not sway in his position. By the end of Act Two, it seems that Torvald is bound to discover the truth. Nora is ashamed of this possibility. She contemplates jumping into an icy river. She believes that if she does not commit suicide, Torvald will bravely assume responsibility for her crimes. She believes that he would go to jail instead of her. Therefore, she wants to sacrifice herself for his benefit. Act Three: Nora and Torvald'sBig Transformation Mrs. Linde and Krogstad meet for the first time in years. At first, Krogstad is bitter towards her, but she soon rekindles their romantic interest toward one another. Krogstad even has a change of heart and considers tearing up Noras IOU. However, Mrs. Linde believes it would be best if Torvald and Nora finally confront the truth. After returning from the party, Nora and Torvald unwind at home. Torvald discusses how he enjoys watching her at parties, pretending that he is encountering her for the first time. Dr. Rank knocks on the door, interrupting the conversation. He says goodbye to them, hinting that he will be shutting himself up in his room until his sickness finally wins. After Dr. Ranks departure, Torvald discovers Krogstads incriminating note. When he realizes the criminal act that Nora has committed, Torvald becomes enraged. He fumes about how Krogstad can now make any demand he wishes. He declares that Nora is immoral, unfit as a wife and mother. Even worse, Torvald says that he will continue to be married to her in name alone. He wants to have no romantic connection to her whatsoever. The irony of this scene is that moments before, Torvald was discussing how he wished that Nora faced some sort of peril, so that he could prove his love for her. Yet, once that peril is actually presented, he has no intention of saving her, only condemning her actions. Moments after Torvald raves like a madman, Krogstad drops another note saying that he has rediscovered love and that he no longer wants to blackmail the Helmer family. Torvald rejoices, declaring that they are saved. He then, in a moment of sheer hypocrisy, states that he forgives Nora and that he still loves her as his little caged songbird. This is a startling wake-up call for Nora Helmer. In a flash, she realizes that Torvald is not the loving, selfless husband she had once envisioned. With that epiphany, she also comes to understand that their marriage has been a lie and that she herself has been an active part in the deception. She then decides to leave her husband and her children in order to find out who she truly is. Torvald desperately begs her to stay. He claims that he will change. She says that perhaps if a miracle of miracles happens they might one day become suitable companions. However, when she leaves, slamming the door behind her, Torvald is left with very little hope.

Levis Corporate Social Responsibility - 3679 Words

1.0IntroductionAs recently as a decade ago, many companies viewed business ethics only in terms of compliance with legal standards and adherence to internal rules and regulations. Driven by a range of new challenges and opportunities, the field of business ethics is fast breaking out of that compliance-based silo. Beyond legal compliance and government regulations, consumer, shareholder and stakeholder expectations also compel companies to address ethics effectively. This paper sets out to investigate Levis Strausss Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) through its citizenship program, management, actions and commitments to determine the task of balancing bottom line concerns with social responsibility. In addition, Levis duty as a†¦show more content†¦2002). There is also more stress on long-term sustainability of business and environment and the distribution of well-being. In the traditional paradigm, most corporate bodies viewed CSR as the extension of a financial input for a humanitarian cause (Francesco and Gold, 1998). However, the contemporary context is more complex: it is part of the Ethical business (Engholm and Rowland, 1996); essential thrust is on social values and business is conducted in consonance with broader social values and the stakeholders long-term interests (Dubrin and Ireland, 1993). 2.3International Framework - UN Global Compact Principles into BusinessIn 1999, amid rising concerns about the effect of globalization, United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi-Annan called on business leaders to join an international and muti-constituent initiative, The Global Compact (GC), in pursuit of a more sustainable and inclusive global economy (BSR, 2003). While CSR was developing as a business trend, there was an absence of an international framework to assist companies with these concepts (Vives, 2000). GC, based on internationally accepted principles, emerged as a roadmap for companies seeking to incorporate a greater level of social responsibility into their operations (BSR, 2003). The 10 principles incorporated in the GC are as follow:(UNGC, 2003)1: Business should support and respect the protection of internationallyShow MoreRelatedA Companys Corporate Social Responsibility1589 Words   |  7 PagesWhen looking at a company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the tie in to consumer confidence, the apparel industry illustrates both the best and the worst cases. Today’s consumers are more aware of how multinational corporations are incorporating or failing to incorporate CSR practices throughout the product lifecycle. This awareness has pushed companies in the apparel industry like Nike and Gap to evaluate current practices and incorporate socially responsible and environmentally responsibleRead MoreFashion Industry China: Csr Case5929 Words   |  24 PagesIndustry China: CSR Case Subject Submission Date Class Team Members CSR cross-analyses on fashion Industry Tuesday 15, 2012 MBA Pudong – Corporate Social Responsibility Christiane Pagsisihan Damien Dandelot Jose Antonio Mallen Tendai Chitapi Vera Boisa Harbhajan Khalsa Executive Summary The research paper trough four main Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) issues (Children Labor, Working condition, Environmental impact and Environmental Sustainability) indicates several glaring trends withinRead Moremanaging across cultures1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthe text, the least corrupt country is: A. Chile B. Japan C. United States D. New Zealand Question 22 of 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (worth 0.2 points) The transfer of the labor force overseas creates A. An interesting dynamic in the scope of ethics and corporate responsibility B. An ideal environment for women to work in C. Equal employment opportunities for both men and women D. A general ambiance of nondiscriminatory practices Question 23 of 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (worth 0.2 points) The statute that makes it illegal to influenceRead MoreCase Study Of Levi Strauss825 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study Levi Strauss With iconic brands such as Levi’s, Dockers, Denizen Levi’s, and Signature brands, Levi Strauss is one of the most recognizable and imitated clothing company in the world (Levi Strauss MLR, 2016). A global leader in Jeanswear, Levi Strauss markets in more than 10 countries worldwide casual wear, and related accessories for women, children, and men. 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Cyrus The Great s Personal Life - 1258 Words

Cyrus the Great, or ‘Kourosh-e-Bozorg’ in Persian, was the founder of the Archaemenid Empire (also known as the Persian Empire). Within his 29 years of Kingship, he had managed to create a legacy that lasts to this day through his military campaigns against several empires, conquering the lands from present day Turkey to India, and ruling with religious tolerance. This assignment will discuss Cyrus the Great’s personal life as well as describe his actions that have founded the basic principles and strategies that contributed to the success of the Persian Empire. LINEAGE AND BIRTH STORIES Cyrus II (or simply as Cyrus) was born in the years between 590-580 BC in Persis (present day southwestern Iran) and lived to 529 BC. Through his father†¦show more content†¦Herodotus wrote the most about Cyrus, and his birth story written by him is the one most accepted, on the other hand this birth story could also be called a folk story as it mentions Cyrus as having superhuman qualities. According to Herodotus, Astyages, who was the king of the Median Empire, gave his daughter to an ally in Persis named Cambyses. While his daughter was pregnant, Astyages dreamt of the baby overthrowing him and destroying his success when it grew older. Astyages then ordered his grandson to be killed, but that order was not carried out as his chief advisor gave the baby to a Shepard. 10 years later, Astyages was unexpectedly reunited with his grandson when he went to discover what he believed to be a random child with superhuman qualities. Astyages was convinced by his chief advisor to let Cyrus live. Another birth story is written by Ctesias (another Greek historian), who claimed that Cyrus was not royal. Instead, he was born into a nomad tribe from Mard. His mother (Argste) dreamt of her unborn son becoming a great king. Cyrus was born and grew up as a servant of Astyages, and Astyages sent Cyrus to supress a revolt; however he did not obey the orders and he participated in the revo lt against Astyages, which resulted in him losing his throne and Cyrus gaining it. MILITARY CAMPAIGNS Cyrus commanded three large military campaigns that were the result of Cambyses passing away,Show MoreRelatedCyrus The Great And Socrates1687 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the fact that Cyrus the Great and Socrates led exceedingly different lives in different areas of the world, both of these men were very much free thinkers and prospered in their respective endeavors as a result of the extraordinary knowledge they possessed. In particular, to better understand Cyrus’s ascension to and maintaining of the throne, it’s useful to draw parallels between his knowledge and the knowledge of Socrates presented via Plato’s Gorgias. 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God even revealed Himself to Cyrus but there is no evidence to suggest that Cyrus was in fact regenerated So it seems that the Old Testament does not support the concept that personal salvation is a result of individual election. In the New Testament there are verses on election and both sides to support their case.Read MoreThe Double Standard Of Cultural Appropriation : What Is Wrong With Your Favorite Pop Stars?1474 Words   |  6 PagesPop Stars? While adolescents struggle to find their identity in the world, some struggle between two different worlds: firstly) conforming to the behaviors in western society; and secondly) having pride in one’s culture. In accordance: A person s cultural identity forms important and vulnerable parts of who they are. We tend to define ourselves by what we believe and express our beliefs through certain symbols that are representative of our culture. 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For some, this starts at a young age. Even as young as a few months old in the case of child star twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen who began starring on Full House when they were only eight months old. In an articleRead MoreAnalysis Of The 300 Spartans By Frank Miller And Lynn Varley1047 Words   |  5 Pagestechnique, various fantastical creatures were introduced placing the movie within the genre of historical fantasy.†(1) More specifically, narrowing our focus on our main character the â€Å"King Leonidas†, we can tell briefly that he’s â€Å"based on the real-life king of Sparta (520-480BC) who was shown as a product, perhaps more as the exemplar of the warrior culture of Sparta. We saw him at the beginning as a boy who fought with his bare knuckles to a youth who faces a she-wolf near her den, to a king responsibleRead MoreThe Babylonian Captivity1764 Words   |  8 Pagescovenant could not be ignored and broken without punishment. 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Effects of Modern Feminism and Masculinity on Heterosexual Relationships free essay sample

Living in a world that has gotten more and more sophisticated as time goes by, people seem to have overlooked their basic natures as organisms and how this greatly influences the choices that we make in our lives. As organisms, our main purpose in life is to reproduce and ensure that our species survive. When we put this in the context of our modern social structure, it seems as if the two existing sexes don’t want this to happen. Today we see females pushing for â€Å"equal rights†, complaining that the traditional roles of society for them are unfair and that they are the oppressed sex, wanting to be independent of men, pursuing careers and ambitioning to rise in power. We see males who have rationalized that sensitivity is a trait that will help them procure relationships, males who have been conditioned to believe that anything remotely masculine is to be ridiculed and subdued. Thus, we have a flawed modern gender-dynamic. Often do we hear that men, women and relationships are such mysteries that we can never grasp the way they work and think; we then forget that nothing in this world is fundamentally mysterious. In reality, it’s only us humans and our inability to rationally explain the way things works. When we draw attention to how something functions beyond our reasoning, it’s the same as drawing attention to how little our understanding is. But men, women, relationships they are not mysteries. We have just gotten caught up with the fabrications and demands of the present society that we have forgotten how simple these things are. The original need of feminism, which happened before the middle of the 20th century, was because there were many legal and social restrictions on what women could do. Women were not legally allowed to own property, to vote, etc. and feminists of that time worked hard to remove these biases against women. This is a righteous push for equality. The problem with modern feminism is that it assumes the need for a 50/50 type of equality of men and women. ____ stated that men and women are fundamentally different and want different things; this makes it difficult to compare their welfare. This basically means that we cannot assume that if we achieve a 50/50 equality that everything then is fair and right. Furthermore, according to Richards (2003), feminists are prepared to throw all constraints of morality to the winds; that right or wrong, fair or unfair; they will pursue anything which is to the benefit of women. In support of this Venker (2011) said that once feminism came along, women abandoned their pedestal in droves and decided they wanted to share man’s pedestal with him. They claimed they wanted both sexes on the same pedestal to represent equality and prove men and women are the same. Instead, they found themselves in conflict. Since there isn’t enough room on a pedestal for both of them, feminists pushed men off to make room for themselves. That’s not equality, that’s matriarchy. The idea of living in a world that demands double standards from its inhabitants is not far off. ____ stated that the very men who encourage women to be most daring and sexless complain most bitterly of the sexlessness of women. The same holds true with women. The women who adore men so tremendously for their social smartness and sexlessness as males, hate them most bitterly for not being â€Å"men†. In our opinion, the popularized notion that sex roles are interchangeable is a fantasy that will continue to harass and stain the beautiful way of life that has ensured the survival of humans. Men and women shouldn’t be seen as competitors or one being more powerful and dominating over the other, rather we should see them as counterparts each providing their own contributions. One cannot exist and will not exist without the other. II. Body: Part1 The generation today has changed. Compared to what our mothers had as careers, women seek for careers that will provide them economic stability. Jacobs, 2004) As mentioned earlier by Baumgardner (2010), Feminism arrived in a different way in the lives of the women of this generation; they never knew a time before where girls can do anything boys can. In line with this, Jacobs (2004) says that nowadays, a woman’s fiscal self-sufficiency has transformed the gender dynamics affecting marriage. In cases where the wife brings in mor e money rather than her husband, this causes discrepancy in the ideal roles in a relationship. This damages the relationship in a sense that there is a turnaround of fixed economic power. The couple will often deal with the connotation of disrespect for the man. Due to the changing times, men nowadays expect their wives to contribute to economic responsibilities of the family and are aggravated when women are not able to do so. Based on a study, people who focus on power and money are prone to suffering depression rather than those who prioritize humanitarian values. One of the most profound and unrecognized influences on our ability to be happily married is the stress of living in the material world. A great deal of couples concern themselves on earning and shelling out rather than marriage, meaning, to bring an end to splurging meant altering their position and worth. Couples are certain that going after worldly goods is for the benefit of their family, but in reality it is for the social position and benefits. (Jacobs, 2004) Part2 Society has a way of creating and molding our identities yet at the same time, unconsciously, we as well leave an imprint on society’s structure. The very basic question that people ask when it comes to gender roles in society is â€Å"what should males and females do? † Simple? Not quite, the answers to this question have become perplex to the point that even endorsers of modern feminism and masculinity are often confused and have conflicts with their own preferences and ideals. We have entered an era of unprecedented â€Å"advancement† in humanity and now we seem to have misplaced and suppressed our true natures of being just another organism of this world. Entering relationships nowadays has become a more complicated process than what we would prefer it to be. People have forgotten that relationships are based on the need for our race to propagate themselves through continuous reproduction and nourishment. As the roots of feminism penetrate deeper and deeper into society, the two genders are slowly becoming normalized. Men are afraid to be men because masculinity has been effectively demonized and women are afraid to be women because â€Å"femininity† is perceived as an unequal form of masculinity rather than a complement to it. Part3 According to Lawrence (2003), as human beings, life is filled with excitement and a wide range of emotions. Our bodies feel hunger, thirst, anger, sadness, love, tenderness, hate and grief. These are only a number of emotions that belong to our bodies, and at the same time acknowledged by the mind. However, these are two different matters, mental feelings and real feelings. What society does not know is that, the education we are given has trained us to feel a certain range of emotions. We are told what to feel, what not to feel and how to feel the feelings we allow ourselves to feel. Everything else does not exist. This feeling only what you allow yourselves to feel at last kills all capacity for feeling, and in the higher emotional range you feel nothing at all. Higher emotions are associated with love in all its manifestations, from genuine desire to tender love, love for others, love for God and others. All of these are more or less dead due to too much sentimental imitation for such emotions. We belong to the age where everything is exaggerated. The game we all play involve sentimentality and counterfeit feeling. People thrive on it, live with it and could swallow it up. However, one could expect to fool oneself for quite some time regarding one’s emotions, but never forever. When reality strikes back, it hits us relentlessly over and over again. III. Conclusion: When all hope seems to be lost in terms of gender equality, Femininity comes into the picture. Femininity has a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally linked with girls and women. Traits that fall under femininity that are considered feminine include gentleness, empathy, and sensitivity   though traits associated with femininity often vary depending on location and context, and include a variety of social and cultural factors. This is the female counterpart of masculinity. As Fromm (2000) says, â€Å"The masculine character can be defined as having the qualities of guidance, activity, discipline, and adventurousness; the feminine character by the qualities of productive receptiveness, protection, realism, endurance, and motherliness. Despite femininity being the counterpart of masculinity, men and women are certainly different from one another. Both genders were designed and fashioned in their own way. This simply means that women cannot be content by believing to be like men. This applies to men as well, they will never be content by believing to be like women. How do we truly be happy and live in harmony? By simply eradicating political correctness completely. Society has to teach boys and girls that it is perfectly normal to be different. That’s the way it is. Society has to stop teaching girls that they are inferior to boys, which feminists have been brainwashing us to think. Jacobs (2004) says, everyone wants to be in love and human beings looking for love suffer from the common, regrettable characteristic of becoming deeply emotionally attached a new lover before they know whether it is really wise for them to form such attachment. Attachment is created and preserved commonly in large scale evidence that is foolish and unfavorable. Society is in denial of the hardships of marriage wherein it favors idealism over reality. Fromm (2000) finds a way to deal with this by saying one must know himself and his partner impartially in order to see past the illusions and the ideal image. Perhaps the most crucial obstacle of marriage is that while one is devising a plan and learning how to live with the differences between himself and his spouse, one must simultaneously maintain a respectful and loving relationship. Fromm (2000) expounds on respect by saying, it is taking the person completely and wholeheartedly, not to be mistaken for horror and admiration. We expect to develop with this person a lifelong relationship that will nourish both of us as we build a family. Our relationship and our children will simultaneously thrive and grow and our family will find fulfilment. It is simple really, one should live as one feels like, not as you think you should. Feelings are hardly ever wrong. Feminism cannot change that. Kanazawa (2008) says You are seldom wrong if you follow your feelings; you are seldom right if you follow feminism or any other political ideology.

United Nations Declaration on Human Rights free essay sample

After reading the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNHDR), I can see how many countries and private institutions use the UNDHR as its basis. I can also see how the UNDHR has taken many of its articles from other Countries’ declarations or constitutions (specifically the United States). The UNDHR was adopted on 1948 and arose directly from the World War II. It represents the first global expression of â€Å"rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled†. During his State of Union speech in 1941, President Roosevelt addresses the Four Freedoms (which the allies adopted), freedom of speech, and freedom of religion, freedom from fear and freedom from want as their basic war aims. In the community section of Saint Leo’s Core Values, it states; â€Å"Saint Leo University develops hospitable Christian learning communities everywhere we serve. We foster a spirit of belonging, unity, and interdependence based on mutual trust and respect to create socially responsible environments that challenge all of us to listen, to learn, to change, and to serve. We will write a custom essay sample on United Nations Declaration on Human Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the UNDHR, there are thirty (30) articles that lay out the basic rights that every person is entitled to. Although, this is not a legal document and has no standing in court, this is more of a covenant that the member (most) agreed upon. In the United States, some of these articles are the basic freedoms that most Americans seem to take for granted and they are protected in the United States Constitution. Now, the question that I have is this, Saint Leo’s is a Catholic University. Religion is a required course for graduation. I’m sure that Saint Leo’s would not turn a student away based on the religion or lack of religion. As a practicing Catholic, I would not be upset if I was attending a Methodist college or a Baptist college and they did not have a peer group for Catholics, nor would I expect them to. In 2011, Catholic University was hit with a human rights complaint. The plaintiff charged that the school â€Å"illegally discriminated† against Muslim students because it failed to make available rooms for prayer that have no Catholic religious symbols. I, personally, found this offensive. My question was this, why would you go to a Catholic college (much less a Christian one) if you weren’t a Catholic or a Christian? My question is this, were their rights violated under the UNDHR? Articles two (2) and eighteen (18) are the only articles where religion is even mentioned. Article 2 states that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind such as religion. Article 18 states everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief. Now, where these students’ rights violated under these articles? Not at all. Where there rights violated under any law in the United States? Not at all. They were free to worship when and where they wanted. Plus, Catholic University, like Saint Leo’s, is a private institution. These individuals weren’t discriminated against. They weren’t told they couldn’t worship in their way. The school, allegedly, did not provide a place for them to worship without any Christian emblems visible. They made a conscious decision to attend a Christian faith based school and not a state school. In Saint Leo’s core values, we have the right, as students, to learn in an environment that welcomes people of all walks of life, regardless of race or religion. As an â€Å"online† student and having never been a full time student, except for military and law enforcement, I cannot relate to campus life. Thus far, I have found this to be one of the hardest papers that I’ve ever had to write. This particular topic has to do with how one related to the other. However, I fell that when it comes to the core values of Saint Leo’s; one has had to experience campus life. I do feel that the articles in the UNDHR contain the basic rights that freedoms that should be granted to all people. Freedom of thought and expression and the freedom to learn are not only in the UNDHR but also in t Saint Leo’s values. Saint Leo’s ensures that it provides that best environment for its students, while respecting our right s to which all human beings are inherently entitled.

Decision making in manufacturing organization related to make or buy scenarios. The WritePass Journal

Decision making in manufacturing organization related to make or buy scenarios. INTRODUCTION Decision making in manufacturing organization related to make or buy scenarios. INTRODUCTIONDecision Making: Decision making Theory:LITERATURE REVIEW  Make or Buy DecisionsMake or Buy CategoriesInitiation of Make or Buy StudiesLong-term/Short-term ConsiderationsFinancial/Non-Financial ClassificationAspects for ConsiderationReasons / considerations for MakingReasons / considerations for BuyingReasons given for reconsidering Make-Buy Decisions RESEARCH METHODOLOGYData collection TechniquesQualitative and Quantitative Research approachProject PlanReferences.Related INTRODUCTION Manufacturing Organization in Today’s world is constantly facing the challenges of making strategic decisions that affect the sustainability and profitability of the manufacturing Organization. This study will be exploring the aspects of decision making within a manufacturing Organisation as it relates to make or buy scenarios. In other for these decisions to be made an understanding of the decision making process is needed. Decision Making: This involves the processes resulting to a selection of a course of action among several alternatives.(1) To a great extend, the success or failure of companies greatly depends on the quality of their decisions. Decision making Theory: This is a general approach to decision making when the outcomes associated with alternatives are often in doubt. It follows a process of 1. Listing the feasible alternatives. One alternative that should be always considered as a basis for reference is to do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nothing. 2. List the events. (Also called chance events or states of nature) that have an impact on the outcome of the choice but not under the decision maker`s control 3. Calculate the payoff for each alternative in each event The payoff is the total profit or total cost These payoffs can be entered into a payoff table, which shows the amount for each alternative if each possible event occurs.. 4. Estimate the likelihood of each event using past data, executive opinion or other forecasting methods. This is expressed as a probability, making sure that the probabilities sum to 1.0 5. Selecting a decision rule to evaluate the alternatives, such as choosing the alternative with the lowest expected cost. This depends on the amount of information the decision maker has on the events probabilities and the decision maker`s attititude towards risk The types of decision people make depend on how much knowledge or information they have about the situation. (2) Decision making can be examined under three different situations. 1. Decision making under uncertainty. (Events can be listed but their probability cannot be  Ã‚  Ã‚   estimated). 2. Decision making under risk. (Events can be listed and their probability estimated). 3. Decision making under certainty. (A situation where the outcomes are known) Buy or Make decisions are increasingly common as companies, in their efforts to improve efficiency and competitiveness, focus on their core activity which they do best, and contract out peripheral activities.(3) Make or buy decisions rarely depend solely on cost factors. Other factors need to be considered: e.g. Continuity of supplies Retaining skilled labour Employing specialist plant The availability of capital to make and the alternative uses for such capital etc.    Each company therefore engaged in manufacture may have to review periodically the extent to which it will: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make or buy plant, equipment or components b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Process internally or buy out semi-finished components and materials Decisions may result from changes in the company or market situation. Some firms pursue a policy of specialisation and concentrate their production effort on a fairly narrow front and thus buy out a wide range of commodities. Other companies, however, tend to exercise greater control over the manufacture of equipment, components and the processing of semi-finished materials, minimising the number of the various items bought out.    LITERATURE REVIEW   Make or Buy Decisions a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MACRO Decisions involve long-term capital expenditure relating usually to products and materials as in questions of vertical integration requiring the determination of policy by senior management e.g. the decision by a print manufacturer to acquire a printing press. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MICRO Decisions, which normally relate to buyers e.g. new parts i.e. should these be made or bought in etc. Make or Buy Categories Make or buy decisions may apply in four different situations: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Items currently made in consideration being given to buying out. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Items currently bought out consideration being given to making in. C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Items currently part made in consideration being given to placing all the work internally or externally. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Items for a new requirement consideration being given to making in or buying out in total or in part. Initiation of Make or Buy Studies Make or buy studies may be initiated by Purchasing or by other departments resulting from: a)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Large price increases being submitted by suppliers b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Space needed for other more lucrative production commitments c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production rationalisation plans d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparative price studies (Value Analysis or ABC analysis). Long-term/Short-term Considerations Make or buy decisions may relate to long-term or short-term needs (i.e. can it be planned or emergency situations?).(5). The extent to which efforts are deployed will depend on value, importance and time-scale. Take the case of a company requiring a minor spare urgently. The part is normally made in but because of a machine breakdown Purchasing is asked to buy out. Obviously, in such a situation an in-depth study will not be mounted involving Finance, Product Development, Market Research etc. Financial/Non-Financial Classification Make or buy studies can be classified as being: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   financial i.e. they are done on a strictly cost comparison basis b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   non-financial i.e. they are done because of other constraints which will, obviously, have an ultimate financial impact (e.g. secrecy, lack of expertise, time factor etc.) Aspects for Consideration Aspects for consideration in a make or buy study may include: Item currently bought out a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is there a patent involved which might incur a Royalty payment? b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are the prices being paid the lowest which might be achieved externally? c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Does the supplier have a greater purchasing power than the buyer for the materials he obtains? d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is the raw material readily available to the buyer? e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Will the withdrawal of business from a supplier jeopardise future supplies should the make in decision be later reversed? Items currently made in: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Will the quantities interest the outside supplier? b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Will new tooling be required and at what cost? c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Might the part be subject to frequent modification d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Will a transfer of work create personnel problems?    Reasons / considerations for Making 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Making is cheaper than buying (Cost considerations) 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To ensure direct control of quality 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Delivery times from outside suppliers are too long 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No suitable suppliers 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To ensure continuity of supply 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To utilise spare production capacity (i.e. help to absorb fixed overhead/s) 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To retain labour during slack trade declining trade 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To maintain secrecy / Design secrecy required 9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To utilise scrap / surplus materials 10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Desire to integrate plant operations 11)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Desire to maintain a stable workforce (i.e. in periods of declining sales) 12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need to exert direct control over production and / or quality    Reasons / considerations for Buying a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buying is cheaper than making (Cost considerations) b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quantities required are too small for economical production c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To avoid cost of specialist plant or labour d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To augment capacity e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To utilise the vendors specialist expertise, machinery and/or patents / RD f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To reduce investment in inventory g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transfer of risk to vendor h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Own company may not be able to make all it needs of the sort of part (may not have the plant capacity.) i)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Desire to maintain a multi-source policy j)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Desire to maintain a stable workforce (i.e. in periods of rising sales) k)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To open up new markets by sourcing overseas l)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Efficient Procurement Reasons given for reconsidering Make-Buy Decisions 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deterioration in suppliers quality performance 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Delivery failure or poor service by existing sources 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Large price increase 4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Volume changes, much larger or smaller quantity requirements for item concerned 5)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pressure to reduce costs 6)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Desire to maintain employment of people or utilisation of plant and physical resources in a downturn 7)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need to get earlier or more reliable sources 8)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need for design secrecy 9)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Import substitution 10)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suppliers withdrawal from a particular market    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In carrying out research, academics have suggested considering using various types of research approach. The scope of this report is to explore make or buy decision making in manufacturing organization The general principle is that the research strategy or strategies, and the methods or techniques employed, must be appropriate for the questions you want to answer. This systematically describes the general overview of the link between research question and research design. To carry out a good project, one must develop his/her own ideas on how best to carry out the research. There are two different types of research route generally used by authors when carrying out a research, thesis or project, there are fixed and flexible design. (Robson.c, 2002). It compares the two different approaches in carrying out a research to petroleum engineers and explorers respectively: The petroleum engineer has a specific goal in mind, to find oil buried below the surface. Before the engineer begins the investigation on how to acquire the oil a careful study of maps showing features of the geographic area, with this information at hand the engineer will then go and find something specific. To follow the fixed design route, one must generally know what they are looking for, however flexible design encourages one to explore generally. Flexible design could be described as gathering information, going first in one direction and then perhaps retracting that route. On discovering a lake in the middle of a large wooded area, the explorer would take frequent compass readings, check that angle of the sun, takes noted on prominent land marks and then use feedback from each observation to modify earlier information. Carrying out a general research, it is advisable for an initial focus to be mapped out by the researcher as it aids to answer the primary question of (What do I intend to achieve when carrying out this research) The initial stages of carrying out a r esearch can be either problematic or straightforward depending on what sort of research is being carried out. Data collection Techniques The aim of the project is to carefully explore make or buy decision making in manufacturing organizations. In order to carry out a study on make or buy decision making for manufacturing organization. Books, journals, magazines and the internet will be used as a good source to acquire materials which aids in understanding the subject matter. There are different forms and sorts of data which should be considered before selecting the appropriate material. There are two sources of data one being primary and the other being secondary, the fundamental difference are primary data is data gathered at first hand from people in the general population or sample as the case may be. In contrast secondary data is the use and application of data that already exists usually from policy documents, newspapers, magazines and so on. Primary data can sometimes be expensive and can also take a while to collect data as a result of that the source of data that has been collected to build up this report will be mainly secondary. secondary source of data is of better quality because it is usually published so therefore unbiased which means it is not skewed in the favour of research objective. (Robson c., 2002). Qualitative and Quantitative Research approach Qualitative research can be described as an exploratory kind of research; its main purpose is to uncover prevailing trends of an opinion. The approach is concerned with words rather than numbers. This approach aims to investigate an in-depth understanding of its subject matter. Qualitative research is centrally concerned with understanding a thing rather than measuring them. (Robson.c, 2002). Quantitative research In general terms can be described as an approach that is primarily concerned with numbers how it relates to each other rather than words Quantitative research seeks to set up connecting relationships between two or more variables using statically method for testing of the variable’s strength and importance of its relationship. In this project the Qualitative research method will be used extensively as it allows for exploration of the subject to gain in-depth understanding Many models have being put forward as frame work for research design, below is a model that consist of the key components to a successful research. Adapted from Robson (2002). Purpose(s) What is the research trying to achieve? Is the author seeking to change something substantial as a result of this study or trying to explore the effectiveness of something? Theory- Where will the author find the theory that will direct and channel his research? What way will the theory be translated? Research questions- To what questions posed by the author are the research geared to provide answers for? What study is needed to know to correctly answer the research questions? How feasible are the questions poised given the time and the resources available? Methods-What techniques will be used to effectively collect data? To what degree will the data be analysed? How will the author communicate to other academics/ readers the authenticity of data collected Sampling Strategy- How will data be collected? Who will the author seek to interview? What will be the best way in balancing the need to be selective with the need to collect important data needed? Project Plan References. 1. Slack, N., chambers, s. 2007. Operations management. 2. Krajewski, L., Ritzman, L. 2007. Operations management. 3. Parmigiani, A. 2007. Why do firms make or buy? Investigation of concurrent sourcing strategic management Journal 28: 285-311. 4 He, D., Nickerson, JA. 2006. Why do firms make or buy? Efficiency, appropriability, and competition in the trucking industry. Strategic Organisation 4: 43-69. 5. Ashall, D. 2010. Lecture notes on procurement and supply chain management. 6. Mitchell, L. 2010. Lecture notes on Manufacturing Strategy. 7. Robson, C. (2002). Real world research. Michigan: Blackwell publishers.

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS (IPO) PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS (IPO) PAPER - Essay Example It builds batteries for power in cars, torches etc. It also makes batteries that are used in UPS. It provides appliances to run automotives such as cranes, road rollers etc. It is also a major provider for aerospace and defense utilities. ENERSYS claims to be the largest industrial battery provider in the whole world(ENERSYS, 2005). It has built its customer base in over 100 countries over the past few years. It is the primary supplier in Motive power such as supplying power facilities to railway, Reserve Power such as batteries for cars. The company was previously known as Yuasa Inc, but it was acquired from a Japanese owner in 2000 and changed its name to ENERSYS Inc in 2001(Yahoo, 2012). ENERSYS Performance ENERSYS’s current stock price is $ 33.85 and retrospectively looking, its stock price has fluctuated between the ranges of $ 22-35 over the past three years(Yahoo, 2012). ENRSYS revenue was $ 1.92 billion in 2009, $ 1.58 billion in 2010 and $ 1.96 billion in 2011. ENERSY S’s net income was $ 81 million in 2009; it dropped to $ 62 million in 2010 and jumped up to $ 113 million in 2011. ENERSYS’s total assets were $ 1.4 billion in 2009, $ 1.6 billion in 2010 and $ 1.8 billion in 2011. ENERSYS’s total liabilities were $ 8.18 million in 2009, $ 8.67 million in 2010 and $ 8.49 million in 2011. ... ENERSYS experienced a slump in 2010 as its revenue was lower at $ 1.58 billion but it recovered and increased its revenue to $ 1.96 billion. Moreover, ENERSYS has increased its assets constantly over the three year period and it is mainly due to success in operations which has earned positive net income and increase in owners’ contribution to the company. The shareholders’ have also contributed generously to the company as the company’s objective of maximizing shareholder wealth has constantly grown as Earning per share has increased over the past three years, and that despite increase in owners’ equity. This shows that the company meets the expectations of its owners. Reason for choosing ENERSYS ENERSYS has been chosen because it is a dominant energy equipment provider not only in America but all over the world. It is a global leader in providing electronic appliances and is the most well known brand in its industry. It is one of very few companies that h ave its headquarters in other continents such as Europe and Asia. ENERSYS has been chosen also due to the fact that its financials are pleasing to the eye as they have achieved tremendous success during the past decade and earns net income in millions. ENERSYS always meets its shareholders expectations which can be seen as there earnings per share are constantly growing over the past few years. ENERSYS Return on Equity has also increased from 8% in 2010 to 12% in 2011. ENERSYS IPO ENERSYS was formed as a result of an acquisition between Morgan Stanley Partners and Yuasa Inc in 2000. In 2001, it changed its name to ENERSYS. In 2002, it acquired the reserve power and motive business of Energy Storage Group. ENERSYS

Epstein-Barr Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Epstein-Barr Virus - Research Paper Example the presence of a virus in the cultured specimen and the three published their discovery the same year with the development of antibodies and mononucleosis taking place later. Consequently, the three scientists were able to observe the development of antibodies to the virus (Robertson 18). Perhaps the most common relationship of EBV with any other virus is in relationship to the TTV. In this case, the relationship regards the association between these two viruses and their infection of B-cell lymphoma and the Hodgskin lymphoma (Figueiredo et al. 736). In line with this, an increase in the tolerance of contagion within the first 48 hours of infection with the virus called herpes simplex indicates a demonstration of the conversion of EBV. In effect, this phenomenon implies that it is feasible to have TTV and EBV viruses in the same B cell (Figueiredo 736). Medical practitioners point out that Epstein-Barr is one of the most common infections that affected human beings. In line with this, experts suggested that the infection affected approximately 95% of the adult population by the time that they reached 40 years of age. In effect, this implies that the disease can affect any individual despite their geographical location and almost the entire world’s population has once suffered the disease. Nonetheless, most incidents of Epstein-Barr do not indicate the presence of symptoms in a person. In addition, an incidence of the infection puts an individual at a risk of mononucleosis with approximately 35-40% of those infected likely to develop this condition (Schueler, Beckett, and Gettings). A series of a standardized process characterizes the progression of EBV. First, EBV attacks the B-cells at the point of CR-2 (CD 21) while using the glycoprotein (GP 350/220). However, it could also attack the epithelial cells that do not possess the CD 21. This affects the epithelial cells that infect the Blymphocyte resulting to the latency stage. The cells infected exhibit

Pharmacological Profiles of Several Common Drugs

Pharmacological Profiles of Several Common Drugs 2.3 Profile of Pheniramine Maleate (31) Chemical name: (3RS)-N,N-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-(pyridine-2-yl)propan-1-amine(Z)-butenedioate Empirical formula: C20H24N2O4 Chemical structure: Figure 2.3:Structure of Pheniramine Maleate 2.3.1 Physical properties Molecular weight: 356.4 Appearance and colour: White or almost white crystalline powder. Solubility: Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %)in methanol and in methylene chloride. Therapeutic category:Pheniramine maleate belongs to H1-antagonist pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Antihistamine, Decongestant. Dosage: Tablet , Powder, Solution 2.3.2 Pharmacology Pheniramine maleate is an antihistamine used for alleviation of allergy symptoms. Manufacturers frequently list the over-the-counter medication as pheniramine maleate or a derivative. Drug industries also often combine the formulation with other medications for relief of other symptoms. Consumers can generally find the ingredient in an oral solution or tablet form. Certain ophthalmic solutions also contain pheniramine maleate, which provides relief from allergy symptoms associated with the eyes. Allergic reactions are autoimmune responses to certain antigens. When allergens enter the bloodstream, the body releases histamine, which binds with and activates receptor sites, located throughout the body, producing physical symptoms. The pharmacological action of pheniramine maleate involves blocking the receptor sites for the histamine H1, found in the heart, central nervous system, smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium cells. Blocking the receptor sites reduces or inhibits the symptoms. The antihistamine is frequently used for seasonal allergies, such as hay fever, or environmental allergies, such as animal dander. By blocking histamine receptor sites, pheniramine maleate can reduce or eliminate itching, watery eyes, runny noses, and skin irritations. Allergy related skin irritations might include the itching, redness, and swelling associated with eczema or uticaria, commonly referred to as hives (40). The medication may produce a sedative effect when binding to sites in the central nervous system. It also may produce an anticholinergic effect by dilating or relaxing smooth muscle. These side effects sometimes allow pheniramine maleate to be used as treatment for motion sickness or the inner ear condition known as Meniere’s disease. 2.4 Profile of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (78) Chemical name:(R)-(-)-1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylaminoethanol hydrochloride Empirical formula:C9H13NO2HCL Chemical structure: Figure 2.4 : Structure of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 2.4.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:203.67 Appearance and colour: White or practically white odourless crystals Solubility: Freely soluble in water and alcohol Therapeutic category: Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic amine that acts predominantly on ÃŽ ±-adrenergic receptors. It is mainly used to treat nasal congestion, but may also be useful in treating hypotension and shock, hypotension during spinal anaesthesia, prolongation of spinal anaesthesia, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic relief of external or internal hemorrhoids, and to increase blood pressure as an aid in the diagnosis of heart murmurs. Dosage: Cream, Solution, Ointment, Injection, Liquid, Tablet, Suppository 2.4.2 Pharmacology In general, ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. ÃŽ ±1-receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors coupled to G proteins, Gq/11. Three ÃŽ ±1-receptor subtypes, which share approximately 75% homology in their transmembrane domains, have been identified: ÃŽ ±1A (chromosome 8), ÃŽ ±1B (chromosome 5), and ÃŽ ±1D (chromosome 20). Phenylephrine appears to act similarly on all three receptor subtypes. All three receptor subtypes appear to be involved in maintaining vascular tone. The ÃŽ ±1A-receptor maintains basal vascular tone while the ÃŽ ±1B-receptor mediates the vasocontrictory effects of exogenous ÃŽ ±1-agonists. Activation of the ÃŽ ±1-receptor activates Gq-proteins, which results in intracellular stimulation of phospholipases C, A2, and D. This results in mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, activation of mitogen-activated kinase and PI3 kinase pathways and subsequent vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine produces its local and systemic actions by acting on ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Stimulation of the ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors results in contraction arteriolar smooth muscle in the periphery. Phenylephrine decreases nasal congestion by acting on ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa to produce constriction; this leads to decreased edema and increased drainage of the sinus cavities. 2.5 Profile of Dextromethorphan (79) Chemical name:(1R,9R,10R) 4 methoxy 17 methyl – 17 azatetracyclo[7.5.3.0{1,10}.0{2,7}]heptadeca-2,4,6-triene Empirical formula:C18H25NO Chemical structure: Figure 2.5 : Structure of Dextromethorphan 2.5.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:271.39 Appearance and colour: It is a White crystalline powder Solubility: 1-5 g/100 mL at 21 Â ºC Therapeutic category: Dextromethorphan usually used in the treatment of respiratory infections and allergic conditions Dosage: Tablet , Syrup, Capsule, Suspension 2.5.2 Pharmacology Dextromethorphan is an opioid-like drug that binds to and acts as antagonist to the NMDA glutamatergic receptor, it is an agonist to the opioid sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, it is also an alpha3/beta4 nicotinic receptor antagonist and targets the serotonin reuptake pump. Dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier. The first-pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. 2.6 Profile of Diphenhydramine (80) Chemical name: 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine Empirical formula:C17H21NO HCL Chemical structure: Figure 2.6 : Structure of Diphenhydramine 2.6.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:291.82 Appearance and colour: It is a White crystalline powder Solubility: Soluble in DMSO, acetone, water Therapeutic category: Diphenhydramineis a first-generationantihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties that is mainly used to treat allergies. It is also used in the management of drug-induced parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal symptoms. The drug has a strong hypnotic effect and is FDA-approved as a non-prescription sleep aid, especially in the form of diphenhydramine citrate Dosage: Capsule 2.6.2 Pharmacology Diphenhydramine is an inverse agonist of the histamineH1receptor. It is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistaminergic agents. By blocking the effects of histamine on the capillaries, it can reduce the intensity of allergic symptoms. Diphenhydramine also crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and antagonizes the H1 receptors centrally. Its effects on central H1 receptors cause drowsiness. Like many other first-generation antihistamines, diphenhydramine is also a potent antimuscarinic (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors), and, as such, at high doses can cause anticholinergic syndrome. The utility of diphenhydramine as

How to Make a Simple Birthday Cake :: Expository Process Essays

How to Make a Simple Birthday Cake Have you ever wanted to make a birthday cake for a loved one? Well, here is how to make a simple birthday cake. All you'll need is a little time, love, and a few items from the grocery store. You will need a boxed cake mix (the favorite of the birthday person), shortening, eggs, oil, flour, and birthday candles (the number will depend on the age of the birthday person.) When you get home, you will need to gather a few items: a large mixing bowl, a large cake pan, an electric mixer or a large mixing spoon, a spatula, and measuring cups and spoons. First, you will need to wash your hands and work area. Read through the directions on the cake box to be sure you have everything you need. Then, gather all of your equipment and food items in your work area, organize it according to the order you will use them in making your cake. Be sure to preheat your oven to the appropriate temperature before you begin. Next, put the dry cake mix into your large mixing bowl. Then, put the prescribed amount of water, oil, and eggs into the mix. Then, with the electric mixer or mixing spoon mix the batter until it is smooth and free of clumps. Next, grease the large cake pan with the shortening. If you wish, you can wrap your fingers with wax paper to keep them from getting greasy. Then, flour the pan lightly. If you do this over the garbage can it will be easier to clean your work area later. Next, pour the cake batter into the cake pan, using the rubber spatula to scrape all of the batter off of the sides of the bowl. Be sure the batter is level in the pan so it will rise evenly. Next, place the cake on the top rack of the oven and bake for the amount of time specified on the box, the time is usually around thirty minutes. While the cake is baking clean up you work area. After the cake is done remove it from the oven. If you push a toothpick to the bottom and it comes out clean it is done. Turn off the oven and let the cake cool. After the cake has had ample time to cool, you are ready to spread the icing on the cake.

Management Accounting

Overall requirement * Explain how management accounting can supply information to assist the management of the organisation. * You are not required to investigate and report on the organisation’s actual management accounting system (even if you can find out). * You are to write a 1500 word report as though you were a management consultant writing to the board of directors. * WE DO NOT WANT ANY NUMBERS UNLESS YOU CREATE THEM TO DEMONSTRATE AN IDEA * This is like assessment 1a – you are to imagine and create! This is a report * It has an introduction A main body (see the next slides) * A conclusion How your marks will build up * Background to the organisation showing good reading of appropriate sources 25% * Review of the nature and role of management accounting 10% * An analysis of the organisation, showing its information needs, the management accounting techniques it might use and decisions it could then make. 50% * The strengths and weaknesses of your analysis  œ for example the additional information you would have liked in order to improve your analysis. 15% Background to the organisation The reason for this is to introduce your organisation (briefly) and to show what a manager in this organisation will do. Later you will show how m. a. helps. * A manager will make decisions about the organisation’s products, processes etc. – therefore your introduction will cover this. * This introduction will reveal the kind of problems that your organisation faces and must overcome. * We do not want the history of the organisation and any information that you will not use later. * Choose your organisation carefully – one that you can understand. You need to be able to imagine the kinds of decisions that a manager might make. Review of the nature and role of management accounting * A definition (with reference) * Some idea of what management accounting does and what it does not do. * Some examples of the techniques and methods of m. a. * You have been studying this since week 5 and so it should not be a problem * DO NOT TRY TO BE TOO CLEVER. IN PREVIOUS YEARS STUDENTS HAVE MENTIONED ABC, JUST IN TIME AND THROUGHPUT ACCOUNTING. Do not do this as you probably do not understand these techniques and will only show that this is so. Keep to what you know! An analysis of the organisation, showing its information needs, the management accounting techniques it might use and decisions it could then make. * This is the hard part that attracts the most marks * You are to link part 1 and part 2 – you organisation’s needs to the techniques and methods of management accounting * What does m. a. Do that will help this organisation? * How can it improve processes? * How can it compete better? * How can it choose between products? * How can it use m. a. for pricing? Planning, controlling, motivating, organising etc * Difficult – but you are applying what you have learned to the problems of the organisation. The strengths and weaknesses of your analysis * This was badly done in assessment 1b * WE DO NOT WANT THE S&W OF THE COMPANY * What aspects of your analysis are strong. Where do you feel that your recommendations are strong and secure? Give examples. * Where do you feel your recommendations are weak perhaps due to lack of information about the company or lack of your knowledge and experience of management accounting. Give examples. Management Accounting Use the following to answer question 1: Marger, Inc. , provided the following data for two recent months: [pic] |1. |Which of the following classifications best describes the behavior of Cost T? | |A) |Variable | |B) |Fixed | |C) |Mixed | |D) |None of the above | 2. |The following data pertains to activity and maintenance costs for two recent years: | | | | | |[pic] | | |Using the high-low method, the cost formula for maintenance would be: | |A) |$1. 50 per unit. | |B) |$1. 25 per unit. | |C) |$3,000 plus $1. 50 per unit. | |D) |$6,000 plus $0. 75 per unit. | |3. Rible Company has observed that at an activity level of 8,000 units the cost for maintenance is $15,000, and at 10,000 units the| | |cost for maintenance is $16,500. Using the high-low method, the cost formula for maintenance is: | |A) |$15,000 plus $0. 15 per unit. | |B) |$9,000 plus $0. 75 per unit. | |C) |$1. 65 per unit. | |D) |$1. 875 per unit. | |4. |Which of the following types of firms likely would have a high pr oportion of variable costs in its cost structure? | |A) |Public utility. | |B) |Airline. | |C) |Fast food outlet. |D) |Architectural firm. | |5. |Factory overhead is an example of a: | |A) |mixed cost. | |B) |fixed cost. | |C) |variable cost. | |D) |irrelevant cost. | Use the following to answer question 6: Buffo Company fabricates metal folding chairs. Data concerning the company's revenue and cost structure follow: [pic] |6. |If Buffo plans to produce and sell 3,000 units next month, the expected contribution margin would be: | |A) |$30,750. |B) |$74,250. | |C) |$26,750. | |D) |$96,500. | Use the following to answer question 7: Frank Company operates a cafeteria for its employees. The number of meals served each week over the last seven weeks, along with the total costs of operating the cafeteria are given below: [pic] Assume that the relevant range includes all of the activity levels mentioned in this problem. |7. |Using the high-low method of analysis, the variable cost per mea l served in the cafeteria would be estimated to be: | |A) |$1. 50. | |B) |$2. 0. | |C) |$2. 80. | |D) |$1. 00. | Use the following to answer question 8: Stewart Company is attempting to classify costs according to their cost behavior. Data concerning activity and costs are listed below: [pic] |8. |If Stewart Company sells 1,150 units in March and this activity is within the relevant range, the expected total cost would most| | |likely be closest to: | |A) |$2,610. 50. | |B) |$1,774. 00. |C) |$4,343. 92. | |D) |$4,384. 50. | |9. |A disadvantage of the high-low method of cost analysis is that: | |A) |it cannot be used when there are a very large number of observations. | |B) |it is too time consuming to apply. | |C) |it uses two extreme data points, which may not be representative of normal conditions. | |D) |it relies totally on the judgment of the person performing the cost analysis. | Use the following to answer question 10: Marger, Inc. provided the following data for two recent months: [pic] |10. |Which of the following classifications best describes the behavior of Cost U? | |A) |Variable | |B) |Fixed | |C) |Mixed | |D) |None of the above | |11. |Fox Company's contribution margin ratio is 20%. If the degree of operating leverage is 15 at the $225,000 sales level, net | | |operating income at the $225,000 sales level must equal: | |A) |$2,250. | |B) |$6,750. | |C) |$3,000. | |D) |$5,063. | |12. |Korn Company sells two products, as follows: | | | | | |[pic] | | |Fixed expenses total $300,000 annually. The expected sales mix in units is 60% for product Y and 40% for product Z. How much is | | |Korn's expected break-even sales in dollars? | |A) |$300,000 | |B) |$420,000 | |C) |$475,000 | |D) |$544,000 | |13. |Brown Company has sales of 2,000 units at $70 per unit. Variable expenses are 40% of the selling price. If total fixed expenses | | |are $44,000, the degree of operating leverage is: | |A) |0. 79. | |B) |1. 40. | |C) |3. 50. | |D) |2. 10. | Use the following to answer question 14: Budget data for the Bidwell Company are as follows: [pic] |14. |If fixed expenses increased $31,500, the break-even sales in units would be: | |A) |34,500 units. | |B) |80,500 units. | |C) |69,000 units. | |D) |94,500 units. Use the following to answer question 15: Evergreen Corp. has provided the following data: [pic] |15. |The number of units needed to achieve a target net operating income of $49,500 would be: | |A) |1,238 units | |B) |2,750 units. | |C) |3,200 units. | |D) |2,057 units. | Use the following to answer question 16: A manufacturer of premium wire strippers has supplied the following data: [pic] |16. The company's degree of operating leverage is closest to: | |A) |20. 09 | |B) |7. 73 | |C) |1. 86 | |D) |55. 64 | Use the following to answer question 17: Consider the following budgeted data f or Urqhart Corporation: [pic] |17. If the unit contribution margin is increased by 10%, the total fixed expense is decreased by 20%, and all other data remain as | | |in the budget, net operating income will be: | |A) |$102,500. | |B) |$105,000. | |C) |$ 90,000. | |D) |$ 93,750. | Use the following to answer question 18: The costs of publishing a grade school textbook can be assumed to be as follows: [pic] Each book sells for $10 per copy. |18. |The unit contribution margin for each copy of the book is: | |A) |$5. 5. | |B) |$4. 15. | |C) |$5. 40. | |D) |$7. 15. | |19. |If a company decreases the variable expense per unit while increasing the total fixed expenses, the total expense line relative | | |to its previous position will: | |A) |shift downward and have a steeper slope. | |B) |shift downward and have a flatter slope. | |C) |shift upward and have a flatter slope. | |D) |shift upward and have a steeper slope. | Use the following to answer question 20: A company that makes organic fertilizer has supplied the following data: [pic] |20. |The company's degree of operating leverage is closest to: | |A) |3. 50 | |B) |1. 49 | |C) |9. 54 | |D) |2. 41 | |21. Trumbull Company budgeted sales on account of $120,000 for July, $211,000 for August, and $198,000 for September. Collection | | |experience indicates that none of the budgeted sales will be collected in the month of the sale, 60% will be collected the month| | |after the sale, 36% in the second month, and 4% will be uncollectible. The cash receipts from accounts receivable that should be| | |budgeted for September would be: | |A) |$169,800. | |B) |$147,960. |C) |$197,880. | |D) |$194,760. | Use the following to answer question 22: Young Enterprises has budgeted sales in units for the next five months as follows: [pic] Past experience has shown that the ending inventory for each month should be equal to 10% of the next month's sales in units. The inventory on May 31 fell short of t his goal since it contained only 400 units. The company needs to prepare a Production Budget for the next five months. |22. |The desired ending inventory for August is: | |A) |540 units. |B) |680 units. | |C) |720 units. | |D) |380 units. | Use the following to answer question 23: Balmforth Products, Inc. makes and sells a single product called a Bik. It takes three yards of Material A to make one Bik. Budgeted production of Biks for the next five months is as follows: [pic] The company wants to maintain monthly ending inventories of Material A equal to 20% of the following month's production needs. On January 31, this target had not been attained since only 2,000 yards of Material A were on hand. The cost of Material A is $0. 80 per yard. The company wants to prepare a Direct Materials Purchases Budget. |23. |The desired ending inventory of Material A for the month of March is: | |A) |9,300 yards. | |B) |7,140 yards. | |C) |3,100 yards. | |D) |8,400 yards. | Use the following to answer question 24: The Gomez Company, a merchandising firm, has budgeted its activity for December according to the following information: * Sales at $500,000, all for cash. * Merchandise Inventory on November 30 was $250,000. * The cash balance at December 1 was $20,000. Selling and administrative expenses are budgeted at $50,000 for December and are paid for in cash. * Budgeted depreciation for December is $30,000. * The planned merchandise inventory on December 31 is $260,000. * The cost of goods sold represents 75% of the selling price. * All purchases are paid for in cash. |24. |The budgeted cash receipts for December are: | |A) |$125,000. | |B) |$375,000. | |C) |$530,000. | |D) |$500,000. | Use the following to answer question 25: Young Enterprises has budgeted sales in units for the next five months as follows: [pic] Past experience has shown that the ending inventory for each month should be equal to 10% of the next month's sales in units. The inventory on May 31 fell short of this goal since it contained only 400 units. The company needs to prepare a Production Budget for the next five months. |25. |The beginning inventory in units for September should be: | |A) |460 units. | |B) |6,800 units. | |C) |540 units. | |D) |680 units. | Use the following to answer question 26: May Company, a merchandising firm, has budgeted sales as follows for the third quarter of the year: [pic] Cost of goods sold is equal to 65% of sales. The company wants to maintain a monthly ending inventory equal to 130% of the Cost of Goods Sold for the following month. The inventory on June 30 is less than this ideal since it is only $65,000. The company is now preparing a Merchandise Purchases Budget. |26. |The desired beginning inventory for September is: | |A) |$117,000. |B) |$ 76,050. | |C) |$ 91,000. | |D) |$ 59,150. | Use the following to answer question 27: Smith Company makes and sells a single product called a Pod. Each Pod requires 1. 4 hours of labor at a labor rate of $9. 60 per hour. Smith Company needs to prepare a Direct Labor Budget for the second quarter of the year. |27. |The budgeted direct labor cost per Pod would be: | |A) |$13. 44. | |B) |$9. 60. | |C) |$7. 38. | |D) |$11. 00. | |28. Self-imposed budgets typically are: | |A) |not subject to review by higher levels of management since to do so would contradict the participative aspect of the | | |budgeting processing. | |B) |not subject to review by higher levels of management except in specific cases where the input of higher management is | | |required. | |C) |subject to review by higher levels of management in order to prevent the budgets from becoming too loose. | |D) |not critical to the success of a budgeting program. |29. |Shocker Company's sales budget shows quarterly sales for the next year as follows: | | | | | |[pic] | | |Company policy is to have a finished goods inventory at the end of each quarter equal to 20% of the next quarter's sales. | | |Budgeted production for the second quarter of the next year would be: | |A) |7,200 units. |B) |8,000 units. | |C) |8,800 units. | |D) |8,400 units. | |30. |The Carlquist Company makes and sells a product called Product K. Each unit of Product K sells for $24 dollars and has a unit | | |variable cost of $18. The company has budgete d the following data for November: | | | | | | | | |* Sales of $1,152,000, all in cash. | | | | | | | |* A cash balance on November 1 of $48,000. | | | | | | | | |* Cash disbursements (other than interest) during November of $1,160,000. | | | | | | | |* A minimum cash balance on November 30 of $60,000. | | | | | | | | |If necessary, the company will borrow cash from a bank. The borrowing will be in multiples of $1,000 and will bear interest at | | |2% per month. All borrowing will take place at the beginning of the month. The November interest will be paid in cash during | | |November. | | | | | |The amount of cash that must be borrowed on November 1 to cover all cash disbursements and to obtain the desired November 30 | | |cash balance is: | |A) |$20,000. | |B) |$21,000. | |C) |$37,000. | |D) |$38,000. | Use the following to answer question 31: The following materials standards have been established for a particular product: pic] |31. |What is the materials quantity variance for the month? | |A) |$1,740 U | |B) |$4,350 U | |C) |$4,590 U | |D) |$1,836 U | Use the following to answer question 32: The following standards for variable manufacturing overhead have been established for a company that makes only one product: pic] |32. |What is the variable overhead spending variance for the month? | |A) |$3,010 F | |B) |$3,010 U | |C) |$10,435 U | |D) |$10,435 F | Use the following to answer question 33: The following materials standards have been established for a particular product: [pic] |33. What is the materials quantity variance for the month? | |A) |$5,050 U | |B) |$5,125 U | |C) |$9,292 U | |D) |$9,430 U | Use the following to answer question 34: Arrow Industries employs a standard cost system in which direct materials inventory is carried at standard cost. Arrow has established the following standards for the prime costs of one unit of product. [pic] During May, Arrow purchased 160,000 pounds of direct material at a total cost of $304,000. The total direct labor wages for May were $37,800. Arrow manufactured 19,000 units of product during May using 142,500 pounds of direct material and 5,000 direct labor hours. |34. |The direct material price variance for May is: | |A) |$16,000 favorable. |B) |$16,000 unfavorable. | |C) |$14,250 favorable. | |D) |$14,250 unfavorable. | |35. |Perkins Company, which has a standard cost system, had 500 pounds of raw material X in its inventory at June 1, purchased in May| | |for $1. 20 per pound and carried at a standard cost of $1. 00 per pound. The following information pertains to raw material X for | | |the month of June: | | | | |[pic] | | |The unfavorable materials purchase price variance for raw material X for June was: | |A) |$ 0. | |B) |$130. | |C) |$140. | |D) |$150. | |36. |If variable manu facturing overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor-hours and the variable overhead spending variance is | | |favorable, then the: | |A) |actual variable manufacturing overhead rate exceeded the standard rate. |B) |standard variable manufacturing overhead rate exceeded the actual rate. | |C) |actual direct labor-hours exceeded the standard direct labor-hours allowed for the actual output. | |D) |standard direct labor-hours allowed for the actual output exceeded the actual hours. | Use the following to answer questions 37-38: The Odle Company makes and sells a single product called a Kitt. Odle employs a standard costing system. Each Kitt has a standard cost of 5 pounds of material at $12 per pound and 0. 9 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. There were no inventories of any kind on June 1. During June, the following events occurred: – Purchased 17,000 pounds of material at a total cost of $190,000. – Used 15,000 pounds of material to produce 2,400 Kitts. – Used 1,900 hours of direct labor time at a total cost of $38,000. |37. |To record the incurrence of direct labor cost and its use in production, the general ledger would include what kind of entry to | | |the Labor Rate Variance account? | |A) |$ 9,500 credit. | |B) |$ 9,500 debit. | |C) |$15,200 debit. | |D) |$ 2,000 debit. | |38. |Odle Company purchased material on account. The entry to record the purchase of materials will include a: | |A) |credit to Work in Process. | |B) |debit to Accounts Receivable. | |C) |credit to Accounts Payable. | |D) |credit to Raw Materials Inventory. | Use the following to answer question 39: The Geurtz Company uses standard costing. The company makes and sells a single product called a Roff. The following data are for the month of August: – Actual cost of direct material purchased and used: $65,560 – Material price variance: $5,960 unfavorable – Total materials variance: $22,360 unfavorable – Standard cost per pound of material: $4 Standard cost per direct labor hour: $5 – Actual direct labor hours: 6,500 hours – Labor efficiency variance: $3,500 favorable – Standard number of direct labor hours per unit of Roff: 2 hours – Total labor variance: $400 unfavorable |39. |The labor rate variance was: | |A) |$3,900 favorable. | |B) |$3,900 unfavorable. | |C) |$3,100 unfavor able. | |D) |$3,100 favorable. | |40. |Home Company manufactures tables with vinyl tops. The standard material cost for the vinyl used per Type-R table is $7. 80 based | | |on six square feet of vinyl at a cost of $1. 30 per square foot. A production run of 1,000 tables in January resulted in usage of| | |6,400 square feet of vinyl at a cost of $1. 20 per square foot, a total cost of $7,680. The quantity variance resulting from the | | |above production run was: | |A) |$120 favorable. | |B) |$480 unfavorable. | |C) |$520 unfavorable. | |D) |$640 favorable. | Use the following to answer question 41: The Chase Company has a standard cost system in which manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of direct labor-hours (DLHs). The company recorded the following activity and cost data relating to manufacturing overhead for October: [pic] |41. |The fixed overhead budget variance for September was: | |A) |$2,700 favorable. | |B) |$2,700 unfavorable. | |C) |$5,400 favorable. | |D) |$5,400 unfavorable. | Use the following to answer question 42: A furniture manufacturer has a standard costing system based on machine-hours (MHs) as the measure of activity. Data from the company's flexible budget for manufacturing overhead are given below: [pic] |42. What was the fixed overhead budget variance for the period to the nearest dollar? | |A) |$2,440 F | |B) |$1,200 U | |C) |$1,999 U | |D) |$704 F | Use the following to answer question 43: A manufacturing company has a standard costing system based on direct labor-hours (DLHs) as the measure of activity. Data from the company's flexible budget for manufacturing overhead are given below: [pic] |43. |How much overhead was applied to products during the period to the nearest dollar? | |A) |$79,118 | |B) |$76,035 | |C) |$77,440 | |D) |$80,145 | Use the following to answer question 44: The Chase Company has a standard cost system in which manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of direct labor-hours (DLHs). The company recorded the following activity and cost data relating to manufacturing overhead for October: [pic] |44. |The amount of fixed overhead cost contained in the company's overhead budget for September was: | |A) |$45,900. | |B) |$54,768. | |C) |$49,920. | |D) |$47,703. | |45. |Baxter Corporation's master budget calls for the production of 5,000 units of its product monthly. The master budget includes | | |indirect labor of $144,000 annually; Baxter considers indirect labor to be a variable cost. During the month of April, 4,500 | | |units of product were produced, and indirect labor costs of $10,100 were incurred. A performance report utilizing flexible | | |budgeting would report a spending variance for indirect labor of: | |A) |$1,900 unfavorable. | |B) |$700 favorable. | |C) |$1,900 favorable. | |D) |$700 unfavorable. | Use the following to answer question 46: Wicks Company has established a flexible budget for manufacturing overhead based on direct labor-hours. Budgeted costs at 100,000 direct labor-hours are as follows: [pic] |46. |If Wicks Company plans to operate at 90,000 direct labor-hours during the next period, the flexible budget would show indirect | | |labor costs of: | |A) |$144,000. | |B) |$63,000. | |C) |$90,000. | |D) |$81,000. | Use the following to answer questions 47-48: The Steff Company has the following flexible budget (in condensed form) for manufacturing overhead: [pic] The following data concerning production pertain to last year's operations: – The company used a denominator activity of 15,000 direct labor-hours to compute the predetermined overhead rate. – The company made 6,850 units of product and worked 14,200 actual hours during the year. – Actual variable overhead was $15,904 and actual fixed overhead was $30,850 for the year. – The standard direct labor time is two hours per unit of product. |47. The fixed overhead budget variance was: | |A) |$3,450 unfavorable. | |B) |$3,450 favorable. | |C) |$850 unfavorable. | |D) |$1,200 favorable. | |48. |The fixed element of the predetermined overhead rate was (per DLH): | |A) |$4. 15. | |B) |$3. 00. | |C) |$2. 00. | |D) |$1. 15. | Use the following to answer question 49: Barrick Company has established a flexible budget fo r manufacturing overhead based on direct labor-hours. Total budgeted costs at 200,000 direct labor-hours are as follows: [pic] |49. |At an activity level of 170,000 direct labor-hours, the flexible budget for factory overhead would show the budgeted amount for | | |utilities as: | |A) |$ 85,000. | |B) |$140,000. | |C) |$160,000. | |D) |$100,000. | Use the following to answer question 50: The Steff Company has the following flexible budget (in condensed form) for manufacturing overhead: [pic] The following data concerning production pertain to last year's operations: – The company used a denominator activity of 15,000 direct labor-hours to compute the predetermined overhead rate. – The company made 6,850 units of product and worked 14,200 actual hours during the year. – Actual variable overhead was $15,904 and actual fixed overhead was $30,850 for the year. – The standard direct labor time is two hours per unit of product. |50. |The fixed overhead cost applied to work in process was: | |A) |$27,400. | |B) |$30,000. | |C) |$30,850. | |D) |$13,700. | Management Accounting Overall requirement * Explain how management accounting can supply information to assist the management of the organisation. * You are not required to investigate and report on the organisation’s actual management accounting system (even if you can find out). * You are to write a 1500 word report as though you were a management consultant writing to the board of directors. * WE DO NOT WANT ANY NUMBERS UNLESS YOU CREATE THEM TO DEMONSTRATE AN IDEA * This is like assessment 1a – you are to imagine and create! This is a report * It has an introduction A main body (see the next slides) * A conclusion How your marks will build up * Background to the organisation showing good reading of appropriate sources 25% * Review of the nature and role of management accounting 10% * An analysis of the organisation, showing its information needs, the management accounting techniques it might use and decisions it could then make. 50% * The strengths and weaknesses of your analysis  œ for example the additional information you would have liked in order to improve your analysis. 15% Background to the organisation The reason for this is to introduce your organisation (briefly) and to show what a manager in this organisation will do. Later you will show how m. a. helps. * A manager will make decisions about the organisation’s products, processes etc. – therefore your introduction will cover this. * This introduction will reveal the kind of problems that your organisation faces and must overcome. * We do not want the history of the organisation and any information that you will not use later. * Choose your organisation carefully – one that you can understand. You need to be able to imagine the kinds of decisions that a manager might make. Review of the nature and role of management accounting * A definition (with reference) * Some idea of what management accounting does and what it does not do. * Some examples of the techniques and methods of m. a. * You have been studying this since week 5 and so it should not be a problem * DO NOT TRY TO BE TOO CLEVER. IN PREVIOUS YEARS STUDENTS HAVE MENTIONED ABC, JUST IN TIME AND THROUGHPUT ACCOUNTING. Do not do this as you probably do not understand these techniques and will only show that this is so. Keep to what you know! An analysis of the organisation, showing its information needs, the management accounting techniques it might use and decisions it could then make. * This is the hard part that attracts the most marks * You are to link part 1 and part 2 – you organisation’s needs to the techniques and methods of management accounting * What does m. a. Do that will help this organisation? * How can it improve processes? * How can it compete better? * How can it choose between products? * How can it use m. a. for pricing? Planning, controlling, motivating, organising etc * Difficult – but you are applying what you have learned to the problems of the organisation. The strengths and weaknesses of your analysis * This was badly done in assessment 1b * WE DO NOT WANT THE S&W OF THE COMPANY * What aspects of your analysis are strong. Where do you feel that your recommendations are strong and secure? Give examples. * Where do you feel your recommendations are weak perhaps due to lack of information about the company or lack of your knowledge and experience of management accounting. Give examples. Management Accounting Running Head: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING The Management Accountant in Business [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] The Management Accountant in Business Introduction Tesco Public Limited Company is a merchandising retailer and a grocery retailer multinational chain which has it’s headquarter in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco as compared to its counterparts, Walmart and Carrefour, is the world’s third largest retail store with regard to the revenues that it generates. Tesco stands as the second largest retail stores of the world with regard to its profits, with Walmart being the first.Tesco has its retail stores spread across almost 14 countries of the world of Asia, North America and Europe. Tesco public limited company is the market leader in its home country United Kingdom with a market share of almost 30%. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 which operated as a group of stalls in the market. After its inception today Tesco plc operates across diverse areas of clothing, electronics, furniture, books, financial services and internet services. Tesco is listed at the London Stock Exchange and is a part of the FTSE 100 index having a market capital of approximately ? 24. billion and a symbol of TSCO. Tesco has been operating with seven business segments, namely, Tesco Superstores, Tesco express, Tesco metro, Tesco extra, One stop, Tesco Homeplus, and Dobbies. The market share of Tesco as recorded in 2012 was 30. 2% which was the highest as compared to its European counterparts. Tesco has developed its marketing headline to be, â€Å"Every little helps†. The tag line is represented in all the print and TV advertisements of Tesco which represents the value that Tesco offers to its customers against the price that they pay, with the value being more than the price of the products.Tesco not only works for company profits but also for the community at large in which it operates. Tesco has a value of contributing 1. 8% of its profi ts to the charitable organizations. Tesco has a culture based on its values of trust and respect. Tesco employees and management believe that the customers would come back to visit the stores for their shopping if they are satisfied with the products and the service. Tesco believes that the success of the company as a whole depends on the contribution of the employees and the customer satisfaction.Management accounting is also used in making strategic management decisions (Dixon & Smith, 1993) . Tesco has seven core strategies on which it operates in the long run. The foremost strategy of Tesco is to grow the United Kingdom core business from where it started its operations and expanded globally. The United Kingdom being the largest business operating unit of Tesco generates the largest share of revenues and profits; therefore Tesco needs to develop this major segment of the business.Tesco also has a goal of being the world’s largest retailer which it has been able to achieve since 1997 and has become the leading retail store in almost eight of its international retail stores. Tesco was originally a food retailer when it started operating and from then onwards it has aimed at becoming the strongest brand in the non-food items as well. Besides the growth in the United Kingdom segment Tesco has also a strategy of growing its retail stores in the other markets in which it has presence. Tesco believes in serving the community and working for its welfare so that the corporate responsibility of Tesco is fulfilled.Tesco also aims to make high value brands at very competitive prices. Tesco aims to build brands that are highly appealing to the customers and also in providing the customers with quality products. Tesco also builds teams that are very committed to their work and has developed leaders who are dedicated and hard working. The leaders at Tesco have a major responsibility of building teams and working for the attainment of the organizational goals (Tesc o, 2013). Tesco works closely with the customers and continuously collects their feedback by engaging focus groups in the feedback collection process.The research center facilitates the identification of the research areas and the areas of concern in the profit centers. The customer feedback collected enables Tesco to make changes to the business processes so that they better meet the customer needs. Tesco also works closely with its suppliers to develop the best brands and also bring in a variety of offers for the customers. Tesco works with a number of suppliers including the FMCG companies and the local suppliers providing goods for the regional retail stores.Management Accounting Functions at Tesco Management Accounting is distinguished from Financial Accounting as being an accounting constituent that is concerned with the measurement, analysis and the reporting of information regarding the financial and non-financial operations of the business, and taking decisions which are ne cessary for the attainment of goals of the organization (Bhimani & Langfield, 2007). Management accounting is concerned with the attainment of organizational goals and for serving the strategies of the organization (Durden, n. , p. 2). Hence, management accounting is concerned with the accounting information which is intended to be used within the organization and for the achievement of the goals of the organization. Management accounting is used in organizations to make decisions regarding the competitiveness of the business by the collection, processing, and the communication of the information which will hence help the management of the business in planning, controlling and evaluating the processes of the business and the strategies of the company.The controllers in the large organizations are basically the leaders who run the management accounting function of the company and the controller then reports the accounting information to the finance heads which helps them in taking or ganizational wide decisions. At Tesco the management accountants are known for having a number of responsibilities including the collection of information from the different cost and profit centers, evaluation of the information, and the identification of the appropriate solutions to the problems faced by the cost or profit centers.The management accountants have a responsibility of identifying the appropriate and the most cost efficient distribution systems. This role of management accounting in Tesco is related to the establishment and administration of effective control mechanisms. Another management accounting function of Tesco is the sales forecasting, which is related to the identification of the needs of the customers, sales volumes and the effects of seasonal fluctuations on the sales. The management accountants have also the responsibility of ordering the right quantity of supplies at the right time.The management accountants are also responsible for developing cost, sales and profit budgets and to make capital investment plans. The management accountants also are responsible for the comparison of the plans and budgets with the benchmarks set and the identification of the discrepancies. The management accountants work towards taking the corrective measures in case of variances between the actual and the standard budgets. The task of standard costing is assigned to them which they use to take decisions which are useful for achieving the organizational goals.The group strategy section of the financial reports shows the management roles in Tesco. The customer researches are conducted to know the extent of their satisfaction and their needs. The management accountants also plan the growth rates in the different markets across the world. The management roles are also highlighted in the capital expenditures section of the annual reports of Tesco. The capital expenditure plans are made by the management accountants. Tesco has planned for major capital expend itures which will enable it to diversify and move into expansion phases worldwide throughout all its retail chains.The management accountants are also responsible for evaluating and critically analyzing the cash position of Tesco. The management accountants are charged with the responsibility of generating cash sources and reducing the capital expenditures of the retail stores. The working capital is reduced in 2012 which has enabled Tesco to have increased cash inflows (TESCO, 2012). Functions of Modern Management Accounting at Tesco The roles of management accountants in the modern era have increased and have been very diverse in the organizations.The management accountants have many responsibilities including the formulation of accounting policies, statistical reports, administration of tax policies, coordination of the reports, preparation and the interpretation of the annual reports and the financial statements of organizations, audit of the accounting transactions and the reco rds, compilation of the business costs, costing and planning of inventories, and the interpretation of the statistical reports of the organization.At Tesco the management accountants are engaged in making budgets including annual as well as monthly budgets. The budgets prepared are used for planning the resources and the supplies required for the operations of the business. The management accountants at Tesco are responsible for looking ahead and predicting the future of the business. The management accountants prepare reports which are used within Tesco and are intended for internal use by the management rather than the outside stakeholders.The reports prepared are kept confidential because they serve as the basis of the development of the strategies of Tesco. The management accountants have a dual reporting role within Tesco in that they are responsible for developing and managing the teams within Tesco and at the same time reporting to the chief financial officers and the financi al departments. The management accountants at Tesco provide information related to the forecasts and plans, they perform variance analysis and monitor the cost centers.Therefore they serve to be the controllers as well as the financial planners for Tesco. The management accountants gather financial information from all the department of Tesco, organize the data, analyze and interpret and then report their findings to the financial departments of Tesco. Therefore, the management accounting plays a very key role in Tesco. The management accounting over the years have also developed many management systems (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2007).The management accountants are reported to by all the accounting departments and they are responsible for presenting their financial suggestions to the financial executives for the implementation of the plans. The management accountants at Tesco are therefore charged with the overall responsibility of managing and interpreting very large amounts of acco unting information, and then reporting their findings to the chief financial officers. References Tesco PLC. (2013). Our Strategy. Retrieved from: http://www. tescoplc. com/index. asp? pageid=12 Tesco PLC. (2012).Annual Report and Financial Statements. Retrieved from: http://www. tescoplc. com/files/reports/ar2012/files/pdf/tesco_annual_report_2012. pdf Durden, C. (n. d). The role of management accounting in organizational Control systems: preliminary evidence of an organic Approach. pp. 1-50. Retrieved from: http://www. afaanz. org/openconf/2008/modules/request. php? module=oc_proceedings&action=view. php&a=Accept+as+Paper&id=570 Anthony, R. N. , & Govindarajan, V. (2007). Management control systems. USA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Bhimani, A. , & Langfield-Smith, K. (2007). Management Accounting Running Head: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING The Management Accountant in Business [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] The Management Accountant in Business Introduction Tesco Public Limited Company is a merchandising retailer and a grocery retailer multinational chain which has it’s headquarter in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco as compared to its counterparts, Walmart and Carrefour, is the world’s third largest retail store with regard to the revenues that it generates. Tesco stands as the second largest retail stores of the world with regard to its profits, with Walmart being the first.Tesco has its retail stores spread across almost 14 countries of the world of Asia, North America and Europe. Tesco public limited company is the market leader in its home country United Kingdom with a market share of almost 30%. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 which operated as a group of stalls in the market. After its inception today Tesco plc operates across diverse areas of clothing, electronics, furniture, books, financial services and internet services. Tesco is listed at the London Stock Exchange and is a part of the FTSE 100 index having a market capital of approximately ? 24. billion and a symbol of TSCO. Tesco has been operating with seven business segments, namely, Tesco Superstores, Tesco express, Tesco metro, Tesco extra, One stop, Tesco Homeplus, and Dobbies. The market share of Tesco as recorded in 2012 was 30. 2% which was the highest as compared to its European counterparts. Tesco has developed its marketing headline to be, â€Å"Every little helps†. The tag line is represented in all the print and TV advertisements of Tesco which represents the value that Tesco offers to its customers against the price that they pay, with the value being more than the price of the products.Tesco not only works for company profits but also for the community at large in which it operates. Tesco has a value of contributing 1. 8% of its profi ts to the charitable organizations. Tesco has a culture based on its values of trust and respect. Tesco employees and management believe that the customers would come back to visit the stores for their shopping if they are satisfied with the products and the service. Tesco believes that the success of the company as a whole depends on the contribution of the employees and the customer satisfaction.Management accounting is also used in making strategic management decisions (Dixon & Smith, 1993) . Tesco has seven core strategies on which it operates in the long run. The foremost strategy of Tesco is to grow the United Kingdom core business from where it started its operations and expanded globally. The United Kingdom being the largest business operating unit of Tesco generates the largest share of revenues and profits; therefore Tesco needs to develop this major segment of the business.Tesco also has a goal of being the world’s largest retailer which it has been able to achieve since 1997 and has become the leading retail store in almost eight of its international retail stores. Tesco was originally a food retailer when it started operating and from then onwards it has aimed at becoming the strongest brand in the non-food items as well. Besides the growth in the United Kingdom segment Tesco has also a strategy of growing its retail stores in the other markets in which it has presence. Tesco believes in serving the community and working for its welfare so that the corporate responsibility of Tesco is fulfilled.Tesco also aims to make high value brands at very competitive prices. Tesco aims to build brands that are highly appealing to the customers and also in providing the customers with quality products. Tesco also builds teams that are very committed to their work and has developed leaders who are dedicated and hard working. The leaders at Tesco have a major responsibility of building teams and working for the attainment of the organizational goals (Tesc o, 2013). Tesco works closely with the customers and continuously collects their feedback by engaging focus groups in the feedback collection process.The research center facilitates the identification of the research areas and the areas of concern in the profit centers. The customer feedback collected enables Tesco to make changes to the business processes so that they better meet the customer needs. Tesco also works closely with its suppliers to develop the best brands and also bring in a variety of offers for the customers. Tesco works with a number of suppliers including the FMCG companies and the local suppliers providing goods for the regional retail stores.Management Accounting Functions at Tesco Management Accounting is distinguished from Financial Accounting as being an accounting constituent that is concerned with the measurement, analysis and the reporting of information regarding the financial and non-financial operations of the business, and taking decisions which are ne cessary for the attainment of goals of the organization (Bhimani & Langfield, 2007). Management accounting is concerned with the attainment of organizational goals and for serving the strategies of the organization (Durden, n. , p. 2). Hence, management accounting is concerned with the accounting information which is intended to be used within the organization and for the achievement of the goals of the organization. Management accounting is used in organizations to make decisions regarding the competitiveness of the business by the collection, processing, and the communication of the information which will hence help the management of the business in planning, controlling and evaluating the processes of the business and the strategies of the company.The controllers in the large organizations are basically the leaders who run the management accounting function of the company and the controller then reports the accounting information to the finance heads which helps them in taking or ganizational wide decisions. At Tesco the management accountants are known for having a number of responsibilities including the collection of information from the different cost and profit centers, evaluation of the information, and the identification of the appropriate solutions to the problems faced by the cost or profit centers.The management accountants have a responsibility of identifying the appropriate and the most cost efficient distribution systems. This role of management accounting in Tesco is related to the establishment and administration of effective control mechanisms. Another management accounting function of Tesco is the sales forecasting, which is related to the identification of the needs of the customers, sales volumes and the effects of seasonal fluctuations on the sales. The management accountants have also the responsibility of ordering the right quantity of supplies at the right time.The management accountants are also responsible for developing cost, sales and profit budgets and to make capital investment plans. The management accountants also are responsible for the comparison of the plans and budgets with the benchmarks set and the identification of the discrepancies. The management accountants work towards taking the corrective measures in case of variances between the actual and the standard budgets. The task of standard costing is assigned to them which they use to take decisions which are useful for achieving the organizational goals.The group strategy section of the financial reports shows the management roles in Tesco. The customer researches are conducted to know the extent of their satisfaction and their needs. The management accountants also plan the growth rates in the different markets across the world. The management roles are also highlighted in the capital expenditures section of the annual reports of Tesco. The capital expenditure plans are made by the management accountants. Tesco has planned for major capital expend itures which will enable it to diversify and move into expansion phases worldwide throughout all its retail chains.The management accountants are also responsible for evaluating and critically analyzing the cash position of Tesco. The management accountants are charged with the responsibility of generating cash sources and reducing the capital expenditures of the retail stores. The working capital is reduced in 2012 which has enabled Tesco to have increased cash inflows (TESCO, 2012). Functions of Modern Management Accounting at Tesco The roles of management accountants in the modern era have increased and have been very diverse in the organizations.The management accountants have many responsibilities including the formulation of accounting policies, statistical reports, administration of tax policies, coordination of the reports, preparation and the interpretation of the annual reports and the financial statements of organizations, audit of the accounting transactions and the reco rds, compilation of the business costs, costing and planning of inventories, and the interpretation of the statistical reports of the organization.At Tesco the management accountants are engaged in making budgets including annual as well as monthly budgets. The budgets prepared are used for planning the resources and the supplies required for the operations of the business. The management accountants at Tesco are responsible for looking ahead and predicting the future of the business. The management accountants prepare reports which are used within Tesco and are intended for internal use by the management rather than the outside stakeholders.The reports prepared are kept confidential because they serve as the basis of the development of the strategies of Tesco. The management accountants have a dual reporting role within Tesco in that they are responsible for developing and managing the teams within Tesco and at the same time reporting to the chief financial officers and the financi al departments. The management accountants at Tesco provide information related to the forecasts and plans, they perform variance analysis and monitor the cost centers.Therefore they serve to be the controllers as well as the financial planners for Tesco. The management accountants gather financial information from all the department of Tesco, organize the data, analyze and interpret and then report their findings to the financial departments of Tesco. Therefore, the management accounting plays a very key role in Tesco. The management accounting over the years have also developed many management systems (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2007).The management accountants are reported to by all the accounting departments and they are responsible for presenting their financial suggestions to the financial executives for the implementation of the plans. The management accountants at Tesco are therefore charged with the overall responsibility of managing and interpreting very large amounts of acco unting information, and then reporting their findings to the chief financial officers. References Tesco PLC. (2013). Our Strategy. Retrieved from: http://www. tescoplc. com/index. asp? pageid=12 Tesco PLC. (2012).Annual Report and Financial Statements. Retrieved from: http://www. tescoplc. com/files/reports/ar2012/files/pdf/tesco_annual_report_2012. pdf Durden, C. (n. d). The role of management accounting in organizational Control systems: preliminary evidence of an organic Approach. pp. 1-50. Retrieved from: http://www. afaanz. org/openconf/2008/modules/request. php? module=oc_proceedings&action=view. php&a=Accept+as+Paper&id=570 Anthony, R. N. , & Govindarajan, V. (2007). Management control systems. USA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Bhimani, A. , & Langfield-Smith, K. (2007). Management Accounting Running Head: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING The Management Accountant in Business [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] The Management Accountant in Business Introduction Tesco Public Limited Company is a merchandising retailer and a grocery retailer multinational chain which has it’s headquarter in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. Tesco as compared to its counterparts, Walmart and Carrefour, is the world’s third largest retail store with regard to the revenues that it generates. Tesco stands as the second largest retail stores of the world with regard to its profits, with Walmart being the first.Tesco has its retail stores spread across almost 14 countries of the world of Asia, North America and Europe. Tesco public limited company is the market leader in its home country United Kingdom with a market share of almost 30%. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 which operated as a group of stalls in the market. After its inception today Tesco plc operates across diverse areas of clothing, electronics, furniture, books, financial services and internet services. Tesco is listed at the London Stock Exchange and is a part of the FTSE 100 index having a market capital of approximately ? 24. billion and a symbol of TSCO. Tesco has been operating with seven business segments, namely, Tesco Superstores, Tesco express, Tesco metro, Tesco extra, One stop, Tesco Homeplus, and Dobbies. The market share of Tesco as recorded in 2012 was 30. 2% which was the highest as compared to its European counterparts. Tesco has developed its marketing headline to be, â€Å"Every little helps†. The tag line is represented in all the print and TV advertisements of Tesco which represents the value that Tesco offers to its customers against the price that they pay, with the value being more than the price of the products.Tesco not only works for company profits but also for the community at large in which it operates. Tesco has a value of contributing 1. 8% of its profi ts to the charitable organizations. Tesco has a culture based on its values of trust and respect. Tesco employees and management believe that the customers would come back to visit the stores for their shopping if they are satisfied with the products and the service. Tesco believes that the success of the company as a whole depends on the contribution of the employees and the customer satisfaction.Management accounting is also used in making strategic management decisions (Dixon & Smith, 1993) . Tesco has seven core strategies on which it operates in the long run. The foremost strategy of Tesco is to grow the United Kingdom core business from where it started its operations and expanded globally. The United Kingdom being the largest business operating unit of Tesco generates the largest share of revenues and profits; therefore Tesco needs to develop this major segment of the business.Tesco also has a goal of being the world’s largest retailer which it has been able to achieve since 1997 and has become the leading retail store in almost eight of its international retail stores. Tesco was originally a food retailer when it started operating and from then onwards it has aimed at becoming the strongest brand in the non-food items as well. Besides the growth in the United Kingdom segment Tesco has also a strategy of growing its retail stores in the other markets in which it has presence. Tesco believes in serving the community and working for its welfare so that the corporate responsibility of Tesco is fulfilled.Tesco also aims to make high value brands at very competitive prices. Tesco aims to build brands that are highly appealing to the customers and also in providing the customers with quality products. Tesco also builds teams that are very committed to their work and has developed leaders who are dedicated and hard working. The leaders at Tesco have a major responsibility of building teams and working for the attainment of the organizational goals (Tesc o, 2013). Tesco works closely with the customers and continuously collects their feedback by engaging focus groups in the feedback collection process.The research center facilitates the identification of the research areas and the areas of concern in the profit centers. The customer feedback collected enables Tesco to make changes to the business processes so that they better meet the customer needs. Tesco also works closely with its suppliers to develop the best brands and also bring in a variety of offers for the customers. Tesco works with a number of suppliers including the FMCG companies and the local suppliers providing goods for the regional retail stores.Management Accounting Functions at Tesco Management Accounting is distinguished from Financial Accounting as being an accounting constituent that is concerned with the measurement, analysis and the reporting of information regarding the financial and non-financial operations of the business, and taking decisions which are ne cessary for the attainment of goals of the organization (Bhimani & Langfield, 2007). Management accounting is concerned with the attainment of organizational goals and for serving the strategies of the organization (Durden, n. , p. 2). Hence, management accounting is concerned with the accounting information which is intended to be used within the organization and for the achievement of the goals of the organization. Management accounting is used in organizations to make decisions regarding the competitiveness of the business by the collection, processing, and the communication of the information which will hence help the management of the business in planning, controlling and evaluating the processes of the business and the strategies of the company.The controllers in the large organizations are basically the leaders who run the management accounting function of the company and the controller then reports the accounting information to the finance heads which helps them in taking or ganizational wide decisions. At Tesco the management accountants are known for having a number of responsibilities including the collection of information from the different cost and profit centers, evaluation of the information, and the identification of the appropriate solutions to the problems faced by the cost or profit centers.The management accountants have a responsibility of identifying the appropriate and the most cost efficient distribution systems. This role of management accounting in Tesco is related to the establishment and administration of effective control mechanisms. Another management accounting function of Tesco is the sales forecasting, which is related to the identification of the needs of the customers, sales volumes and the effects of seasonal fluctuations on the sales. The management accountants have also the responsibility of ordering the right quantity of supplies at the right time.The management accountants are also responsible for developing cost, sales and profit budgets and to make capital investment plans. The management accountants also are responsible for the comparison of the plans and budgets with the benchmarks set and the identification of the discrepancies. The management accountants work towards taking the corrective measures in case of variances between the actual and the standard budgets. The task of standard costing is assigned to them which they use to take decisions which are useful for achieving the organizational goals.The group strategy section of the financial reports shows the management roles in Tesco. The customer researches are conducted to know the extent of their satisfaction and their needs. The management accountants also plan the growth rates in the different markets across the world. The management roles are also highlighted in the capital expenditures section of the annual reports of Tesco. The capital expenditure plans are made by the management accountants. Tesco has planned for major capital expend itures which will enable it to diversify and move into expansion phases worldwide throughout all its retail chains.The management accountants are also responsible for evaluating and critically analyzing the cash position of Tesco. The management accountants are charged with the responsibility of generating cash sources and reducing the capital expenditures of the retail stores. The working capital is reduced in 2012 which has enabled Tesco to have increased cash inflows (TESCO, 2012). Functions of Modern Management Accounting at Tesco The roles of management accountants in the modern era have increased and have been very diverse in the organizations.The management accountants have many responsibilities including the formulation of accounting policies, statistical reports, administration of tax policies, coordination of the reports, preparation and the interpretation of the annual reports and the financial statements of organizations, audit of the accounting transactions and the reco rds, compilation of the business costs, costing and planning of inventories, and the interpretation of the statistical reports of the organization.At Tesco the management accountants are engaged in making budgets including annual as well as monthly budgets. The budgets prepared are used for planning the resources and the supplies required for the operations of the business. The management accountants at Tesco are responsible for looking ahead and predicting the future of the business. The management accountants prepare reports which are used within Tesco and are intended for internal use by the management rather than the outside stakeholders.The reports prepared are kept confidential because they serve as the basis of the development of the strategies of Tesco. The management accountants have a dual reporting role within Tesco in that they are responsible for developing and managing the teams within Tesco and at the same time reporting to the chief financial officers and the financi al departments. The management accountants at Tesco provide information related to the forecasts and plans, they perform variance analysis and monitor the cost centers.Therefore they serve to be the controllers as well as the financial planners for Tesco. The management accountants gather financial information from all the department of Tesco, organize the data, analyze and interpret and then report their findings to the financial departments of Tesco. Therefore, the management accounting plays a very key role in Tesco. The management accounting over the years have also developed many management systems (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2007).The management accountants are reported to by all the accounting departments and they are responsible for presenting their financial suggestions to the financial executives for the implementation of the plans. The management accountants at Tesco are therefore charged with the overall responsibility of managing and interpreting very large amounts of acco unting information, and then reporting their findings to the chief financial officers. References Tesco PLC. (2013). Our Strategy. Retrieved from: http://www. tescoplc. com/index. asp? pageid=12 Tesco PLC. (2012).Annual Report and Financial Statements. Retrieved from: http://www. tescoplc. com/files/reports/ar2012/files/pdf/tesco_annual_report_2012. pdf Durden, C. (n. d). The role of management accounting in organizational Control systems: preliminary evidence of an organic Approach. pp. 1-50. Retrieved from: http://www. afaanz. org/openconf/2008/modules/request. php? module=oc_proceedings&action=view. php&a=Accept+as+Paper&id=570 Anthony, R. N. , & Govindarajan, V. (2007). Management control systems. USA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Bhimani, A. , & Langfield-Smith, K. (2007).